Reproductive Health Knowledge Level of High School and University Students in Shanghai

Objective To understand the sexual and reproductive health knowledge level of high school and university students in Shanghai. Methods A total of 628 high school students and 709 college students were surveyed with anonymous self-administrated questionnaire in Shanghai. Results The median knowledge scores of students from colleges and high schools were 58 and 39, respectively. Those who had surfed the Internet, had browsed websites on reproductive health, or had communicated sex-related issues with fathers/class- mates/friends had more reproductive health knowledge. In addition, the percentage of college students who had surfed the Internet, had browsed websites on reproductive health or had communicated sex-related issues with classmates/friends was higher than that of high school students. Conclusion The knowledge scores of respondents were rather low. Compared with the high school students, the college students had more reproductive health knowledge and sought the knowledge more actively.

Evaluation of Family Sex Education on Middle School Students in Shanghai

Objective To evaluate the impact of family-school combined sex education among middle school students. Methods This is a school-based intervention study. Four junior middle schools and two senior middle schools in Xuhui District, Shanghai, were selected as study sites involving parents, two junior middle schools and one senior middle school as the intervention group and others as control group. The intervention group was provided with both school and family education which contained giving lectures, distribut- ing leaflets, organizing group discussions and parent-adolescent communicating activities to parents. Data were collected through anonymous and self-administered questionnaires before and after one-year intervention to evaluate the effect of the intervention. Results The average score of parents in the intervention group was higher than that in the control group after intervention. Particularly, the mean score of AIDS knowl- edge in the intervention group was increased by 10.5, which was more than that of control group (5.3). The intervention increased the parents’ intention to family sex education. The percentage of parents in the intervention group approving “sex educa- tion should be provided by parents” had increased, much higher than that in the con- trol group. Intervention also promoted parent-adolescent communication about sex. The percentage of parents reporting “they actively talked with their children about sex or their teens asked them questions related to sex” had increased, much higher than that in the control group. Conclusion Family-school combined sex education significantly increased sexual knowledge and sex education intention of parents, promoted the parent-adolescent communication about sex as well.

Study on the Effects of Infant Fostering Interventions in Xuhui District,Shanghai

Objective To assess the effects of fostering interventions on the infants and their families through the community. Methods A total of 309 infants born on 1st August, 2003 to 30th August, 2004 and their families were recruited as participants by cluster sampling in Longhua and Kangjian sub-districts of Xuhui district, Shanghai. The newborns were randomly assigned to intervention group (156 cases) and control group (153 cases). The infants and their families will be followed up during 3-year interventions. Results After 6 months’ intervention, the proportion of infants who could turn over the body in the intervention group (88.46%) was higher than that in control group (75.16%). The morbidity of upper-respiratory tract infection in intervention group (20.51%) was significantly lower than that in control group (32.68%). The incidence rates of pneumonia, diarrhea and anemia in intervention group were all lower than that in control group, except for pneumonia, the differences were not significant. Both of the knowledge about how to foster infants and service utility in intervention group were higher than that in control group. Conclusion The fostering interventions through the community promote the preven- tion and control of infants disease, increase the knowledge level and service util- ity of families.

Prevalence of term low birth weight andits determinants in Shanghai, China

Objective: To investigate the prevalence of term low birth weight (TLBW) and its risk factors. Methods: A follow-up study with 7, 872 couples was conducted from 1987 to 199o beginning from the time they got marriage licenses in two districts defined in Shanghai. They were interviewed in the third month and again in the fifteenth month and in the fifth to sixth year afterwards individually at home. The total follow up rate reached 98%. Couple’s background characteristics as well as the information on their general health. reproductivc history and contraceptive use etc.. were collected dynamically. All of the single live births with term delivery were Included for data analysis in this paper. Adjusted odd ratios and population attributable risk (PAR%) were computed. Results: The prevalence of TLBW in Shanghai single term live births was 2. 0% (134,/6.573), represents 54. 7% (134/245) of the total low birth weights in our sam pie. Significant social and behaviour risk factors relating with TI-BW were wife’s dissat- isfaction with marriage; low education level of husband; co-residence with parents during pregnancy; heavy housework done by the wife while being pregnant. Significant biomedical risky factors were menarche age greater than 16 years old; maternal age at delivery greater than 29 years old; maternal body mass index less than 19. 8; wife suf- fered from serious disease prior to conceiving; having pregnancy complication; gestational weight gain less than 20 % of pre-pregnancy weight; having abortion, stillbirth and fetal death history. Conclusion: TL.BW constituted over half of all low birth weights in Shanghai. Special attention should be paid to the determinants mentioned above in TLBW intervention program. Improving couples’ economic and living condition and husband ’s education at tainment, and caloric supplementation with women while being pregnant would all be particularly effective in reducing the occurrence of TLBW in Shnaghai.

Proteomic analysis of seminal plasma from asthenozoospermia patients reveals proteins that affect oxidative stress responses and semen quality

Asthenozoospermia (作为) 是人的男不孕的一个普通原因。在一研究，从不肥沃的人的超过 80% 样品减少了精子活动性。精液的血浆是从睾丸， epididymis 和几男附件腺的分泌物的混合物，包括前列腺，精囊和考珀的腺。研究证明了那精液的血浆包含为精子活动性是重要的蛋白质。为了推进，探索 pathophysiological 特性作为，我们用钠 dodecyl 硫酸盐 polyacrylamide 胶化电气泳动和在里面胶化消化把精液的血浆蛋白质与作为病人和健康施主分开了，然后使蛋白质遭到了到液体层析鈥搈a ss spectrometry (LC-MS/MS ) 分析。741 蛋白质的一个总数在精液的血浆被识别，与 3.3% 的假发现率。用光谱的数，我们发现 45 蛋白质是三方面的 upregulated， 56 蛋白质是在 AS 组的三方面的 downregulated 什么时候与控制相比。大多数这些蛋白质从 epididymis 和前列腺发源。这研究识别了男不孕的 biomarker 候选人的富有的来源并且显示 epididymis 和前列腺的功能的畸形能是贡献。我们识别了在其它地方被显示了涉及氧化应力(OS ) 的控制的 DJ-1 鈥攁 蛋白质鈥攁s 在同样精液的血浆的 downregulated 蛋白质。在同样精液的血浆的 DJ-1 的层次关于在控制样品的那些的一半。另外，反应的氧种类的层次更高是 3.3 褶层在同样样品比在控制。一起拿，这些数据建议 DJ-1 的 downregulation 在精液涉及 OS，因此影响精液的质量。

Prevalent false positives of azoospermia factor a （AZFa） microdeletions caused by single-nucleotide polymorphism rs72609647 in the sY84 screening of male infertility

复合聚合酶链反应(PCR ) 广泛地被用来检测 Y 染色体 microdeletions，它是男不孕的主要原因之一。两个都， Andrology (EAA ) 和欧洲分子的遗传优秀网络(EMQN ) 的欧洲学院为精子缺乏因素的察觉推荐了 sY84 和 sY86 标记的使用一(AZFa ) microdeletion 在为男不孕测试的 DNA 期间。在这研究，总共 630 中国男性的 AZF microdeletion 的大规模分析包括健康精液施主(n=200 ) ，有正常精子计数(n=226 ) 和有 nonobstructive 精子缺乏或严重 oligozoospermia (n=204 ) 的病人的不肥沃的男性，被执行。从 Y 染色体的 AZF 区域的一系列九个标注顺序的地点(圣) 标记被用来检测 microdeletions。所有教材基于生物工学信息的国家中心的建议被设计。不平常地高的发生(73/630， 11.6 &#x00025；)sY84 不在但是 sY86 礼品遗传型在屏蔽的 AZFa microdeletion 被观察。定序胁腹 sY84 区域揭示了 73 个病人的一个总数与 sY84 不在但是 sY86 礼品遗传型从 5 &#x02032 在第五个底有 T-to-G transversion；反向的 sY84 教材的结束。这些流行假 positives，它是不仅在不肥沃的人观察了，而且在施主观察了，源于说出的单个核苷酸的多型性(SNP ) 在反向的 sY84 教材的指向的顺序的 rs72609647。我们的学习建议那一多型性能阻止的 rs72609647 的存在预先屏蔽在不肥沃的中国男性的 AZFa microdeletions 察觉的经常的假积极结果。给 SNP rs72609647 最近在一个中国个人，的深定序被发现当前的 EAA 和 EMQN 标准可以需要在不同人口之中被细看在教材绑定序列避免潜在的基因变化。

Does exposure to computers affect the routine parameters of semen quality?

瞄准：估计到计算机的暴露是否伤害健康的年轻人的精液质量。方法： 178 个题目的一个总数在上海从二母性和孩子保健中心被招募， 91 与到计算机的暴露的历史(即，为 20 h 或更多的暴露每最后 2 年里的星期)并且充当控制的 87 个人(不或很少暴露到计算机)。到计算机和另外的特征的暴露的历史上的数据借助于结构化的问询表会见被获得。精液样品被手淫在精液样品被分析的地方收集。结果：在精液参数(精液卷，精子密度，进步精子的百分比，精子生存能力和正常表格精子的百分比) 的分发的差别都没在暴露的组和控制组之间被发现。到计算机的暴露没被发现是为在为潜在的反对创始人调整以后的劣等的精液质量的一个风险因素，包括节制天，睾丸尺寸，职业，到有毒的物质的暴露的历史。结论：现在的学习没发现暴露于计算机的健康的人有劣等的精液质量。

In Vitro Evaluation of Cytotoxicity and Oxidative Stress Induced by Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes in Murine RAW 264.7 Macrophages and Human A549 Lung Cells

Objective To investigate in vitro cytotoxicity and oxidative stress response induced by multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs).Methods Cultured macrophages (murine RAW264.7 cells) and alveolar epithelium cells type II (human A549 lung cells) were exposed to the blank control,DNA salt control,and the MWCNTs suspensions at 2.5,10,25,and 100 μg/mL for 24 h.Each treatment was evaluated by cell viability,cytotoxicity and oxidative stress.Results Overall,both cell lines had similar patterns in response to the cytotoxicity and oxidative stress of MWCNTs.DNA salt treatment showed no change compared to the blank control.In both cell lines,significant changes at the doses of 25 and 100 μg/mL treatments were found in cell viabilities,cytotoxicity,and oxidative stress indexes.The reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation was also found to be significantly higher at the dose of 10 μg/mL treatment,whereas no change was seen in most of the indexes.The ROS generation in both cell lines went up in minutes,reached the climax within an hour and faded down after several hours.Conclusion Exposure to MWCNTs resulted in a dose‐dependent cytotoxicity in cultured RAW264.7 cells and A549 cells,that was closely correlated to the increased oxidative stress.

Kinetics of High Cell Density Fed-batch Culture of Recombinant Escherichia coli Producing Human-like Collagen

The kinetics of batch and fed-batch cultures of recombinant Escherichia coli producing human-like col- lagen was investigated. In the batch culture, a kinetic model of a simple growth-association system was concluded without consideration of cell endogeneous metabolism. The cell lag time, the maximum specific growth rate and YX/S were determined as 1.75h, 0.65h-1 and 0.51g·g-1, respectively. In the fed-batch culture, different specific growth rates were set at (0.15, 0.2, 0.25h-1) by the method of pseudo-exponential feeding, and the expressions for the specific rate of substrate consumption, the growth kinetics and the product formation kinetics of each phase were obtained. The result shows that the concentrations of cell and product can reach 77.5g·L-1 and 10.2g·L-1 re- spectively. The model predictions are in good agreement with the experimental data.

Current Situations of the Integration of RTIs Prevention and Treatment into Routine FP Program

Objective To understand the current situation of the integration of reproductive tract infections (RTIs) prevention and treatment into routine Family planning (FP) program. Methods Literature review, in depth interview and focus group discussion were employed to collect the related information. Questionnaire survey was conducted in 59 county level FP facilities. Results Both central and local governments provide policy supports to RTIs prevention and treatment. Nearly 98.3% of local FP facilities had integrated this work into their routine FP program. A comprehensive network system of family planning has been established in China and there were plenty of FP human resources. The existing FP resource should be effectively used, which could produce great social benefit if RTIs prevention and treatment be integrated into routine FP program. However, some problems still need to be solved in the integrated program, such as insufficient finance support, low quality of service, lack of co-operations between different sectors, etc. Conclusion It is possible and feasible to develop RTIs controlling projects in the family planning system. However, intensive training and close co-operation need to be applied respectively into FP staffs and relative departments.

Effects of Estrogen and/or Progesterone on Morphology of Pituitary Luteinizing Hormone Cells

Objective To identify the morphological characteristics of pituitary luteinizing hormone (LH) cells after exogenous gonadal hormone treatment Methods Effects of various doses of estrogen, progesterone and their combination on morphological parameters, including the size and shape of pituitary LH cells, the size of endocellular vacuoles, were observed and measured by immuno histochemistry and computer image analysis. Results Different kinds of gonadal hormones could recover the magnified LH cells to the normal level in ovariectomized rats. However, their final effects on the gonadotrophin levels and the cellular morphological characters of the LH cells were different. The low dose of estrogen elicited abundant hormone stored in the LH cells to an easy released status with a lot of different size of vacuoles. On the contrary, the high dose of estrogen inhibited the storage of LH, and the LH cells were filled with secretory granules and few vacuoles. The progesterone could promote the storage of LH in an uneasy released status. The administration of estrogen progesterone combination not only inhibited the storage of LH, but also the release of LH. In this group, the LH cells containing a large amount of secretory granules and a few vacuoles showed a better uniform shape compared with those administrated with high dose of estrogen. Conclusion: Different kinds of gonadal hormones could reverse the excessive secretion of LH and recover the morphological change of LH cells to the normally physiological condition.

Effect of Mono-2-ethyhexyl Phthalate on DNA Methylation in Human Prostate Cancer LNCaP Cells

Objective To evaluate whether mono(2‐ethylhexyl) phthalate(MEHP) affects genomic DNA methylation and the methylation status of some specific genes such as patched gene(PTCH) and smoothened gene(SMO) in LNCaP cells. Methods LNCaP cells were treated with MEHP(0, 1, 5, 10, and 25 μmol/L) for 3 days. An ELISA assay was preformed to detect genomic methylation, including 5‐methylcytosine(5‐mC) and 5‐hydroxymethylcytosine(5‐hmC) content. A pyrosequencing assay was applied to assess DNA methylation in PTCH and SMO gene promoters. The correlation between DNA methylation and gene expression was assessed. Results The proportion of cytosines with 5‐mC methylation in LNCaP cells was significantly decreased by MEHP(1, 5, 10, and 25 μmol/L) in a dose‐dependent manner(P < 0.01). For genes in the Hedgehog pathway, there was no significant MEHP concentration‐dependent difference in the DNA methylation of PTCH and SMO. Conclusion MEHP might affect the progression of prostate cancer through its effect on global DNA methylation.

Assessment of Uterine Receptivity by Endometrial and Subendometrial Blood Flows Measured by Vaginal Color Doppler Ultrasound in Women Undergoing IVF Treatment

Objective To evaluate endometrial and subendometrial blood flows measured by vaginal color Doppler ultrasound as a predicator of endometrial receptivity in women undergoing IVF treatment. Methods A total of 119 infertile patients undergoing the first IVF/ICSI-ET cycle were recruited. Three groups were divided according to a color Doppler ultrasound exami- nation performed on the day of hCG injection. Group A, endometrial and subendometrial blood flows were 2 branches and below; group B, endometrial and subendometrial blood flows were between 3 and 4 branches; group C, endometrial and subendometrial blood flows were 5 branches and above. Patients were transferred 1-3 embryos each. Demographic data, ovarian responses, endometrial thickness, PI, RI, development of embryo and IVF result among groups were compared. Results Demographic data, ovarian responses, endometrial thickness, PI, RI and development of embryo among groups have no significant difference. The pregnancy rate of group A was significantly lower than that of group B (P<0.05) and group C (P<0.01). The implantation rate of group A was significantly lower than than of group C (P<0.01). There was no significant difference of the rate of pregnancy and implantation between group B and group C (P>0.05). Conclusion Endometrial and subendometrial blood flows measured by vaginal color Doppler ultrasound is a good predicator of pregnancy during IVF treatment. A good endometrial and subendometrial blood flows is benefit for the result of IVF.

Survey on Attitude of Middle School Educators for Sex and Reproductive Health Education

Objective To get a general picture of the attitudes of middle school educators on sex and reproductive health education. Methods A cross-sectional survey was carried out among 144 middle school educa- tors in three districts of Shanghai from September to October 2005 using anonymous self-administered questionnaire. Results The majority of the educators thought that it was necessary to launch the sex and reproductive health education in all of the middle schools in Shanghai (97.02%). They were aware that the age of the students’ puberty were earlier now than before (94.41%), but the reproductive health knowledge of students was neither sufficient nor correct (78.34%).The sex and reproductive health education had been involved in the curriculum of many middle schools (66.11%). Lacking of qualified education staffs contributed most (90.71%) in the schools which had not launched the sex and repro- ductive health education. Lacking of qualified education staffs (90.91%) challenged most in the schools which had carried the education. Conclusion The middle school educators thought it was necessary to carry the sex and reproductive health education in all of the middle schools in Shanghai while the major challenges were lacking of qualified education staffs and sufficient teaching time.

Effects of Cesarean Section on Infant Health in China:Matched Prospective Cohort Study

Objective To compare the medical outcomes of infants delivered by cesarean section with those of infants delivered vaginally. Methods A total of 301 healthy women with cesarean section and a matched control group of 301 women delivered vaginally were identified at three district-level hospitals in Shanghai from May 2001 to February 2003. Two groups were matched according to their medical indications for cesarean section. Their infants were assessed at delivery, 1 month, 6 month and 1 year after birth. Results The incidence of neonatal complications and infant morbidities at all measurement occasions did not differ significantly between groups. Rehospitalization was found to be more likely among infants delivered by cesarean section in the first month after birth. However, there was no difference between two groups in the incidence of rehospitalization in the first year after birth. Cesarean section was also associated with a higher risk of infant diarrhea (adjusted relative risk=1.25, 95% CI: 1.01, 1.56). Conclusion Infants did not have health benefits from cesarean section if the pregnancy was at low risk.

Molecular cloning and identification of mouse epididymis-specific gene mHongl, the homologue of rat HongrES1

以前的研究显示出 epididymis 特定的基因 HongrES1 玩的那只老鼠在精子 capacitation 和富饶的重要角色。在这研究，我们由顺序排列和 RT-PCR 方法克隆老鼠相当或相同事物基因并且指定了它为 mHong1。mHong1 基因位于染色体 12p14，跨越五 exons。cDNA 顺序由 1257 核苷酸组成并且与 20 氨基酸的预言的 N 终端信号肽编码 419 氨基酸的蛋白质。有在表示模式的 HongrES1 的 mHong1 mRNA 表演类似：(i) 在 epididymal 织物的特定的表示，特别在尾区域；并且(ii ) 雄激素依赖但是阴囊的液体因素独立。它的蛋白质产品显示出 71 &#x00025；有 HongrES1 的类似并且包含是的一个古典 serpin 领域 HongrES1。对有高特性和敏感的 mHong1 的 polyclonal 抗体被提起。象 HongrES1 一样， mHong1 蛋白质在 epididymal 上皮显示出一个棋盘表示模式并且被分泌进 epididymal 腔。mHong1 蛋白质比 HongrES1 显示出更高的 glycosylation。尽管他们俩被扔到精子头表面上， mHong1 对赤道的片断局部性，它与 HongrES1 的不同。mHong1 蛋白质能被高离子的力量从精子膜移开能因此作为外来的膜蛋白质是 classed。一起，我们断定 mHong1 是 HongrES1 的相当或相同事物，现在的工作为建立动物模型阐明铺平道路 HongrES1 和 mHong1 的精确功能。

Establishment of Germ-line Competent C57BL/6J Embryonic Stem Cell Lines

Objective To establish C57BL/6J embryonic stem (ES) cell lines with potential germ- line contribution Methods ES cells were isolated from blastocyst inner cell mass of C57BL/6J mice, and cultured for 15 passages, and then injected into blastococels of ICR mice blastocysts to establish chimeric mice. Results Three ES cell lines (mC57ES1,mC57ES3, mC57ES7) derived from the inner cell mass of C57BL/6J mice blastocysts were established. They were characteristic of undifferentiated state, including normal XY karyotype, expression of a specific cell surface marker “stage-specific embryonic antigen-1” and alkaline phosphatase in continuous passage. When injected into immunodeficient mice, mC57ES1 cells consis- tently differentiated into derivatives of all three embryonic germ layers. When mC57ES1 cells were transferred into ICR mice blastocysts, 4 chimeric mice have been obtained. One male of them revealed successful germ-line transmission. Conclussion We have obtained C57BL/6J ES cell lines with a potential germ-line contribution, which can be used to generate transgenic and gene knock-out mice.

The Clinical Study on Effect of a Combination of Mifepristone with Misoprostol on Late Luteal Fertility Regulation

Objective To investigate the efficacy, safety and acceptability of mifepristone com-bined with misoprostol used for late luteal fertility regulationtreatment cycles in total. Subjects were planned to receive treatment with 25 mg ofmifepristone, Q12 h × 4 orally for five days prior to expected menstruation followedby 400 μg of misoprostol 48 h later for up to six cycles.Results There were 13 pregnancies in the 267 treatment cycles and among them com-plete abortion and continuing pregnancy occurred in 7 and 6 cycles respectively. So theoverall pregnancy rate was 4. 87% (13/267) and the rate of continuing pregnancywas 2. 25% (6/267), while the failure rate per pregnant cycle was 46. 15% (6/13).In treatment cycles the vaginal bleeding patterns changed insignificantly as comparedwith those in control cycles.Conclusion The efficacy, compliance and acceptability of the regimen should befurther improved when it was administered for late luteal fertility regulation.

In-vitro Maturation of Immature Oocytes from Preantral Follicles in Prepuberal Mice

Objective To observe the morphological changes in in vitro growth of preantral follicle isolated from prepuberal mice and to assess impacts of gonadotropin(Gn),insulin transferrin selenium(ITS)and epidermal growth factor(EGF)on their development.Methods Early preantral mice follicles(90-130 μm diameter)were mechanical iso-lated and selected from 2 weeks old mice and then cultured in alpha-minimal essential medium(α-MEM)with or without Gn,ITS and EGF.The preantral follicles were cul-tured singly in 20 microliters droplets for up to 14 d.The medium was replaced and the follicles were observed everyday.Granulosa cells(GC)prolification,antrum forma-tion and oocyte maturation were recorded.Results The medium with Gn supported preantral follicle culture in vitro,during which they retained a three-dimensional structure,maintained oocytes viability and increased in diameter and number of somatic cells.Preantral follicles cultured in Gn medium grew obviously,while those without Gn grew slowly and after 6 d's culture began to shrink and blacken.Significant increase in survival rate and maturation rate of oocytes was observed in Gn group(P<0.01),with 92.9% survived and 28.7% formed an antrum.Further supplementation of the Gn medium with ITS and rLH,resulted in the significant increase in survival and maturation of preantral follicle(P<0.05)Conclusions α-MEM can be the medium for in vitro culture(IVC)of preantral follicles,but need to be added with rLH/rFSH,rHCG/rEGF to facilitate thecal cell attachment,GC proliferation and oocyte maturation.

Evaluation of Impact of Life-planning Skills Training among Senior High School Students in Shangcai County

Objective To evaluate the impact of sex and reproductive health education using life- planning skills training among senior high school students in a rural county. Methods The study was conducted in three senior high schools of Shangcai County with comparable socio-cultural, economic, and demographic characteristics, two as intervention sites and one as the control. A three-month life-planning skills training course was conducted among all grade one students in the intervention schools. The baseline survey was conducted prior to the intervention, once again three months after the intervention was initiated. Data were collected through questionnaires, FGDs and IDIs to evaluate the effect of the intervention program. Results After the intervention, the median score of reproductive health knowledge was higher in the intervention group (55.66) than that in control group (38.68). Students from the intervention group were also more comfortable with their develop- mental changes which were going through. In the end line survey, 92.70% of the students in the intervention group suggested that reproductive health education should be carried out among all middle school students in Shangcai County. Multivariate analysis also indicated that peers and family had a significant effect on students’ sex-related knowledge, attitudes and behaviors. Conclusion Sex and reproductive health education via provision of life-planning skills training can significantly increase students’ sex and reproductive health knowl- edge and was welcomed by students, teachers and parents.