Development Status and Application Analysis of Vehicle to Grid (V2G)

With the shortages of resources,environmental pollution,climate change,and other issues becoming more and more serious,it is extremely urgent to vigorously develop new energy vehicles.As the cost of batteries decrease year by year,the production and quantity of sales of electric vehicles(EVs)in the world,especially in China,increased substantially.In order to make vehicles to grid(V2G)technology better developed and applied in China.The brief introduction to V2G is given at first.Then the development status and specific cases of V2G at home and abroad are summarized.Finally,the problems that V2G may encounter during promotion and application in China are analyzed.Based on the development of the United States and Japan,specific policy recommendations are given in line with the basic national conditions of China.

Electric properties and phase transition behavior in lead lanthanum zirconate stannate titanate ceramics with low zirconate content

The phase transitions, dielectric properties, and polarization versus electric field （P-E） hysteresis loops of Pbo.97Lao.02（Zr0.42Sn0.58-xTix）O3 （0.13≤ x ≤0.18） （PLZST） bulk ceramics were systematically investigated. This study exhibited a sequence of phase transitions by analyzing the change of the P-E hysteresis loops with increasing temperature. The anfiferroelectric （AFE） to ferroelectric （FE） phase boundary of PLZST with the Zr content of 0.42 was found to locate at the Ti content between 0.14 and 0.15. This work is aimed to improve the ternary phase diagram of lanthanum-doped PZST with the Zr content of 0.42 and will be a good reference for seeking high energy storage density in the PLZST system with low-Zr content.

A dynamic control structure of liquid-only transfer stream distillation column

The intention of this fundamental work is to explore the manipulation of a mixture of benzene,toluene and o-xylene separated from liquid-only transfer divided-wall column(LTS-DWC).First,two control structures are clearly proposed,including seven component control loops(CS1)and seven temperature control loops(CS2).However,two control structures can handle ±10% feed disturbances rather than larger feed disturbances.Subsequently,an equivalent four-column model by introducing withdraw ratio is developed to discuss the effect of two liquid-only side-stream on the overall reboiler duty.It is indicated that the second liquid-only side-stream withdraw ratio strongly affects the overall energy consumption.Hence,six-component control loops within the fixed second liquid-only side-stream withdraw ratio(CS3)is proposed and the purity of products returns to set value even as facing ±20% feed disturbances.Finally,based on the above results,it is established a temperature control structure(CS4)for controlling fixed second liquid-only side-stream withdraw ratio,which can cope with ±15% disturbances.Inspired by these findings,an insight into the dynamic control of LTS-DWC promotes the industrial implementation of DWC through new liquid-only side-stream configurations.

Water promoted photocatalytic transfer hydrogenation of furfural to furfural alcohol over ultralow loading metal supported on TiO_(2)

Photocatalytic hydrogenation of furfural offers an ideal method for selective biomass upgrading into value-added chemicals or fuel additives under mild conditions. However, it is still challenging to control the product selectivity due to side reactions of functional groups and reactive radical intermediates.Herein, photocatalytic transfer hydrogenation of furfural was studied using the TiO_(2)-based photocatalysts with alcohols as both the solvent and hydrogen donor. Ultralow loading metal supported on TiO_(2),together with adding a small amount of water in the system, were demonstrated to greatly increase the selectivity of furfuryl alcohol product. Electron paramagnetic resonance(EPR), ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy(UV-Vis) and photoluminescence(PL) measurements gave evidence that ultralow loading Pt or Pd on TiO_(2)increase the oxygen vacancy concentration and the photogenerated charge separation efficiency, which accelerates the photocatalytic reduction of furfural. In situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy(DRIFTS) and mechanistic studies confirmed that photogenerated holes and electrons are active species, with dissociatively adsorbed methanol being directly oxidized by holes,furfural hydrogenated by protons and electrons and H_(2)O modifying the intermediate diffusion which contributes to high selectivity of furfuryl alcohol. This work demonstrates a simple approach to design photocatalysts and tune product selectivity in biomass valorization.

Influence of Direct Current Electric Field on the Formation,Composition and Microstructure of Corrosion Products Formed on the Steel in Simulated Marine Atmospheric Environment

X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy were employed to investigate the effects of the DC electric field on the composition, formation and structure of corrosion products formed on the surface of the steel immersed in NaCl solution. The results show that goethite （α-FeOOH）, akaganeite （β-FeOOH）, lepidocrocite （γ- FeOOH） and magnetite （Fe3O4） are the major constituents among the corrosion products. The arrangement of different levels of the DC electric field intensity gives rise to the following results. The little higher DC electric field intensity （around 100-200 kV/m） promotes the crystallinity and growth of y-FeOOH; obviously, much higher DC electric field intensity （greater than 400 kV/m） prevents the growth of α-FeOOH and facilitates the generation of Fe3O4. Both the promotional growth of γ-FeOOH and suppression of α-FeOOH growth indicated the weakness of the protectiveness of the rust layer. Consequently, the suppression of the transformation of α-FeOOH from y-FeOOH favors the yield of the Fe3O4, which works as a large cathode area and would be about to quicken the subsequent steel corrosion.

Removal of pathogenic indicator microorganisms during partial nitrification:the role of free nitrous acid

Digested wastewater contains pathogenic microorganisms and high ammonia concentrations,which can pose a potential risk to public health.Effective removal of pathogens and nitrogen is crucial for the post-treatment of digested wastewater.Partial nitrification-anammox is an energy-saving nitrogen removal process.Free nitrous acid(FNA),an intermediate product of partial nitrification,has the potential to inactivate microorganisms.However,the efficiency and mechanisms of FNA-related inactivation in pathogens during partial nitrification remains unclear.In this study,Enterococcus and Escherichia coli(E.coli)were selected to investigate the efficiency and mechanisms of FNA-related inactivation in partial nitrification process.The results revealed that 83%±13%and 59%±27%of E.coli and Enterococcus were removed,respectively,in partial nitrification process at FNA concentrations of 0.023−0.028 mg/L.When the concentration of FNA increased from 0 to 0.5 mg/L,the inactivation efficiencies of E.coli and Enterococcus increased from 0 to 99.9%and 89.9%,respectively.Enterococcus exhibited a higher resistance to FNA attack compared to E.coli.3D-laser scanning microscopy(3D-LSM)and scanning electron microscopy(SEM)revealed that FNA exposure caused the surface collapse of E.coli and Enterococcus,as well as visible pore formation on the surface of E.coli cells.4',6-Diamidino-2-phenylindole dihydrochloride n-hydrate(DAPI)/propidium iodide(PI)and biomolecule leakage confirmed that inactivation of E.coli and Enterococcus occurred due to breakdown of cell walls and cell membranes.These findings indicate that partial nitrification process can be used for the removal of residual pathogenic microorganisms.

Graphene-nickel nitride hybrids supporting palladium nanoparticles for enhanced ethanol electrooxidation

Electrocatalysts for ethanol oxidation reaction(EOR)are generally limited by their poor durability because of the catalyst poisoning induced by the reaction intermediate carbon monoxide(CO).Therefore,the rapid oxidation removal of CO intermediates is crucial to the durability of EOR-based catalysts.Herein,in order to effectively avoiding the catalyst CO poisoning and improve the durability,the graphene-nickel nitride hybrids(AG-Ni_(3)N)were designed for supporting palladium nanoparticles(Pd/AG-Ni_(3)N)and then used for ethanol electrooxidation.The density functional theory(DFT)calculations demonstrated the introduction of AG-Ni_(3)N depresses the CO absorption and simultaneously promotes the adsorption of OH species for CO oxidation removal.The fabricated Pd/AG-Ni_(3)N catalyst distinctively exhibits excellent electroactivity with the mass catalytic activity of 3499.5 m A mg^(-1) on EOR in alkaline media,which is around 5.24 times higher than Pd/C(commercial catalyst).Notably,the Pd/AG-Ni_(3)N hybrids display excellent stability and durability after chronoamperometric measurements with a total operation time of 150,000 s.

Bandgap engineering of tetragonal phase CuFeS_(2)quantum dots via mixed-valence single-atomic Ag decoration for synergistic Cr(VI)reduction and RhB degradation

Bandgap engineering through single-atom site binding on semiconducting photocatalyst can boost the intrinsic activity,selectivity,carrier separation,and electron transport.Here,we report a mixed-valence Ag(0)and Ag(I)single atoms co-decorated semiconducting chalcopyrite quantum dots(Ag/CuFeS_(2)QDs)photocatalyst.It demonstrates efficient photocatalytic performances for specific organic dye(rhodamine B,denoted as RhB)as well as inorganic dye(Cr(VI))removal in water under natural sunlight irradiation.The RhB degradation and Cr(VI)removal efficiencies by Ag/CuFeS_(2)QDs were 3.55 and 6.75 times higher than those of the naked CuFeS_(2)QDs at their optimal pH conditions,respectively.Besides,in a mixture of RhB and Cr(VI)solution under neutral condition,the removal ratio has been elevated from 30.2%to 79.4%for Cr(VI),and from 95.2%to 97.3%for RhB degradation by using Ag/CuFeS_(2)QDs after 2 h sunlight illumination.The intrinsic mechanism for the photocatalytic performance improvement is attributed to the narrow bandgap of the single-atomic Ag(I)anchored CuFeS_(2)QDs,which engineers the electronic structure as well as expands the optical light response range.Significantly,the highly active Ag(0)/CuFeS_(2)and Ag(I)/CuFeS_(2)effectively improve the separation efficiency of the carriers,thus enhancing the photocatalytic performances.This work presents a highly efficient single atom/QDs photocatalyst,constructed through bandgap engineering via mixed-valence single noble metal atoms binding on semiconducting QDs.It paves the way for developing high-efficiency single-atom photocatalysts for complex pollutions removal in dyeing wastewater environment.

Electrolyte design strategies towards long-term Zn metal anode for rechargeable batteries

Rechargeable Zinc(Zn)batteries exhibit great potentials as alternative energy storage devices due to their high safety,low cost,and environmental friendliness.However,the long-standing issues of low Coulombic efficiency(CE)and poor cycle stability of Zn anode,derived from dendrite,H_(2)evolution,and passivation are directly related to their thermodynamic instability in aqueous electrolyte,severely shorten the battery's cycle life.Recently reported electrolyte design strategies,which have made great progress to address Zn metal anode problems,are summarized into two categories,that is,aqueous electrolytes about cation-water interaction controlling and interface adjusting,and novel types of electrolytes towards less water,non-aqueous solvents,even no solvents.The final section shows the brief comparisons,including failure mechanisms of electrolyte exhaustion and short circuit for aqueous and nonaqueous electrolyte based full cells respectively,and possible perspectives for future research.

Single entity electrochemistry and the electron transfer kinetics of hydrazine oxidation

The mechanism and kinetics of the electro-catalytic oxidation of hydrazine by graphene oxide platelets randomly decorated with palladium nanoparticles are deduced using single particle impact electrochemical measurements in buffered aqueous solutions across the pH range 2–11. Both hydrazine, N2H4, and protonated hydrazine N2H5+ are shown to be electroactive following Butler-Volmer kinetics, of which the relative contribution is strongly pH-dependent. The negligible interconversion between N2H4 and N2H5+ due to the sufficiently short timescale of the impact voltammetry, allows the analysis of the two electron transfer rates from impact signals thus reflecting the composition of the bulk solution at the pH in question. In this way the rate determining step in the oxidation of each specie is deduced to be a one electron step in which no protons are released and so likely corresponds to the initial formation of a very short-lived radical cation either in solution or adsorbed on the platelet. Overall the work establishes a generic method for the elucidation of the rate determining electron transfer in a multistep process free from any complexity imposed by preceding or following chemical reactions which occur on the timescale of conventional voltammetry.

Synthesis of S-monofluoromethyl phosphorothioates from P^(Ⅴ)-H compounds and PhSO_(2)SCH_(2)F

S-Monofluoromethyl phosphorothioates represent an important class of organofluorine compounds and are re ported here for the first time.A series of S-monofluoromethyl phosphorothioates are conveniently synthesized from different P^(Ⅴ)-H compounds and PhSO_(2)SCH_(2)F under mild conditions.The method is compatible with common functional groups and provides potential opportunities to synthesize new bioactive molecules for medicinal chemistry.

The “twinkling star” materials: highly superior molecular switches for bioimaging

Artificial molecular switches have been the robust tools for diverse fields of modern science and technology, including molecular machines, smart materials, and bioimaging [1]. The development of new concepts to enable the creation of efficient molecular switches has been a longstanding activity in these fields. Up to date, various kinds of molecular switches have been developed, most of which work between two or more stable states, and the rest of them requires at least an additional energy or chemical stimuli.

Low temperature ferromagnetism in CaCu_(3)Ti_(4)O_(12)

The low-temperature magnetic order behaviors of perovskite oxide CaCu_(3)Ti_(4)O_(12)(CCTO)ceramics prepared by different methods are discussed.X-ray diffraction,scanning electron microscope,x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy,and direct current(DC)magnetization are used to characterize the structures,microscopic morphologies,valence states,and magnetic properties of the samples.The results show that the magnetic behaviors of CCTO ceramics are very sensitive to the preparation process.The quenched CCTO ceramic and CCTO powders grown in a molten salt crystal,which contain much more oxygen vacancies and Ti^(3+),show the coexistence of weak ferromagnetic order and antiferromagnetic order below the Neel temperature.It suggests that the bound magnetopolaron formed by oxygen vacancies and Ti^(3+)ion composite defects are responsible for the weak ferromagnetic order at low temperature.

MoS_(2)/MoO_(2) nanosheets anchored on carbon cloth for high-performance magnesium-and sodium-ion storage

Developing new types of rechargeable metal-ion batteries beyond lithium-ions,including alkaline ion(such as Na+,K+)and multivalent ion(such as Mg 2+,Zn 2+,Ca 2+and Al 3+)batteries,is progressing quickly towards large-scale energy storage systems.However,the major obstacle to their large-scale applications has been a lack of appropriate electrode materials with reversible metal ions insertion/extraction be-havior,resulting in inferior electrochemical performance.Here we develop a well-designed MoS_(2)/MoO_(2) hybrid nanosheets anchored on carbon cloth(MoS_(2)/MoO_(2)/CC)as electrode materials.This rational de-sign can effectively shorten ion diffusion distance,increase electric conductivity of the electrode,and buffer volume change.Benefiting from the synergistic effect of structural and compositional features,the MoS_(2)/MoO_(2)/CC electrode exhibits high initial reversible capacities(326 mA h g^(−1) at 0.1 A g^(−1) in magnesium-ion storage;1270 mA h g^(−1) at 0.1 A g^(−1) in sodium-ion storage),excellent rate capacities(57 mA h g^(−1) at 10 A g^(−1) in magnesium-ion storage;335 mA h g^(−1) at 5 A g^(−1) in sodium-ion storage)and long-term cycling stability(105 mA h g^(−1) after 600 cycle at 1 A g^(−1) in magnesium-ion storage;208 mA h g^(−1) after 600 cycles at 5 A g^(−1) in sodium-ion storage).We expect that the multi-engineering strategy will provide some valuable insights for the development of other advanced electrode materials for high-performance metal-ion batteries.

Spin selectivity of chiral mesostructured diamagnetic BiOBr films

The chirality-induced spin selectivity(CISS)has been found in the antiferromagnetic and paramagnetic chiral inorganic materials with unpaired electrons,while rarely reported in the spin-paired diamagnetic inorganic materials with spin-pairing energy.Here,we report the CISS in the spin-paired diamagnetic BiOBr endowed with three levels of chiral mesostructures.Chiral mesostructured BiOBr films(CMBFs)were fabricated through a sugar alcohol-induced hydrothermal route.The antipodal CMBFs exhibited chirality-dependent,magnetic field-independent magnetic circular dichroism(MCD)signals,which indicates the existence of spin selectivity.The spin selectivity of CMBFs was speculated to be the result of the competing effect between the externally applied magnetic field and the effective magnetic field arisen from the spin electron motions in chiral potential.The chirality-induced effective magnetic field acts on the magnetic moment of electrons,potentially overcoming the spin-pairing energy and producing opposite energy changes for spin-down and spin-up electrons.

Galvanic Corrosion Behavior of Copper-Drawn Steel for Grounding Grids in the Acidic Red Soil Simulated Solution

The influence of pH and metallographic structure on the corrosion behavior of copper-drawn steel is studied with the simulated system.The effect of pH on the corrosion behavior of copper-drawn steel has been investigated using open-circuit potential,potentiodynamic polarization,galvanic current measurement,scanning electron microscopy and scanning vibrating electrode technique techniques.The steel is corroded as anode,while the corrosion of copper plate is protected as cathode.All the results revealed that pH and metallographic structure had a significant influence on the corrosion behavior of copper-drawn steel.With the decrease in pH value from 6 to 2.4,the corrosion rate of copper-drawn steel galvanic couple(Cu-Fe GC)obviously increased in the simulated solution of acidic red soil.The electric field formed by the Cu-Fe GC changes the direction of ion migration between the copper and drawn steel electrodes,which impacts the composition and microstructure of corrosion products formed on the electrode surface.

Copper vacancy activated plasmonic Cu3-xSnS4 for highly efficient photocatalytic hydrogen generation:Broad solar absorption,efficient charge separation and decreased HER overpotential

Broad absorption spectra with efficient generation and separation of available charge carriers are indispensable requirements for promising semiconductor-based photocatalysts to achieve the ultimate goal of solar-to-fuel conversion.Here,Cu_(3-x)SnS_(4)(x=0-0.8)with copper vacancies have been prepared and fabricated via solvothermal process.The obtained copper vacancy materials have extended light absorption from ultraviolet to near-infrared-II region for its significant plasmonic effects.Time-resolved photoluminescence shows that the vacancies can simultaneously optimize charge carrier dynamics to boost the generation of long-lived active electrons for photocatalytic reduction.Density functional theory calculations and electrochemical characterizations further revealed that copper vacancies in Cu_(3-x)SnS_(4)tend to enhance hydrogen’s adsorption energy with an obvious decrease in its H_(2)evolution reaction(HER)overpotential.Furthermore,without any loadings,the H_(2)production rate was measured to be 9.5 mmol·h^(-1)·g^(-1).The apparent quantum yield was measured to be 27%for wavelengthλ>380 nm.The solar energy conversion efficiency was measured to be 6.5%under visible-near infrared(vis-NIR)(λ>420 nm).

Mn-doped perovskite-type oxide LaFeO3 as highly active and durable bifunctional electrocatalysts for oxygen electrode reactions

Perovskite oxides based on the alkaline earth metal lanthanum for oxygen reduction reaction(ORR)and oxygen evolution reaction(OER)in alkaline electrolytes are promising catalysts,but their catalytic activity and stability remain unsatisfactory.Here,we synthesized a series of LaFe1-xMn2O3(x=0,0.1,0.3,0.5,0.7,0.9 and 1)perovskite oxides by doping Mn into LaFeO3(LF).The results show that the doping amount of Mn has a significant effect on the catalytic performance.When x=0.5,the catalyst LaFeo.sMno.sO3(LFM)exhibits the best performance.The limiting current density in 0.1 mol·L^-1 KOH solution is 7 mA·cm^-2,much larger than that of the commercial Pt/C catalyst(5.5 mA·cm^-2).Meanwhile,the performance of the doped catalyst is also superior to that of commercial Pt/C in terms of the long-term durability.The excellent catalytic performance of LFM may be ascribed to its abundant 0^2-/0^-species and low charge transfer resistance after doping the Mn element.

Rational design of a hollow porous structure for enhancing diffusion kinetics of K ions in edge-nitrogen doped carbon nanorods

The high electrical conductivity makes it possible for one-dimensional(1D)carbon materials to be used as the promising anodes for potassium ion batteries(PIBs),however,the sluggish diffusion kinetics caused by large-sized potassium ions(K^(+))limits their practical applications in energy storage systems.In this work,hollow carbon nanorods were rationally designed as a case to verify the superiority of 1D hollow structure to improve the diffusion kinetics of K^(+).Simultaneously,edge-N(pyridinic-N and pyrrolic-N)atoms were also introduced into 1D hollow carbon structure,which can provide ample active sites and defects in graphitic lattices to adsorb K^(+),providing extra capacitive storage capacity.As expected,the optimized edge-N doped hollow carbon nanorods(ENHCRs)exhibits a high reversible capacity of 544 mAh·g^(−1)at 0.1 A·g^(−1)after 200 cycles.Even at 5 A·g^(−1),it displays a long-term cycling stability with 255 mAh·g^(−1)over 10,000 cycles.The electrochemical measurements confirm that the hollow structure is favorable to improve the transfer kinetics of K^(+)during cycling.And the theoretical calculations demonstrate that edge-N doping can enhance the local electronegativity of graphitic lattices to adsorb much more K^(+),where edge-N doping synergizes with 1D hollow structure to achieve enhanced K^(+)-storage performances.

Catalyst-free,direct electrochemical trifluoromethylation/cyclization of N-arylacrylamides using TfNHNHBoc as a CF_(3) source

A new electrochemical strategy for trifluoromethylation/cyclization using TfNHNHBoc as a CF_(3)source was established.This approach was realized by the direct electrolysis of Tf NHNHBoc under external oxidantfree and catalyst-free conditions,and afforded various trifluoromethylated oxindoles with good functional group compatibility and broad substrate scope.Preliminary mechanistic studies show that the reaction proceeds by a radical process.