Study on Age and Education Level and Their Relationship with Fall-Related Injuries in Shanghai, China

Objective To study age and educational level and their relationship with fall-related injuries in Shanghai and to analyze the relevant costs. Methods Multistage cluster sampling was used for the selection of participants and standardized questionnaires were used for the information collection in 2006. Information on cases and deaths caused by fall-related injuries were obtained from 494 hospitals as well as from the mortality registry systems from 2001 till 2010. Results Of 45 857 participates, 674 suffered from fall-related injuries with the largest proportion among all injuries. The fall-related mortality increased from 10.63 per 100 000 in 2001 to 14.11 per 100 000 in 2010. The under-five mortality rate was the highest among children aged 0-14 years. Mortality increased dramatically among those aged 55 or above for the female and aged 60 or older for the male. Individuals with an educational level under the primary school were more likely to suffer fall-related injuries, accounting for 72.66% of all deaths and 49.24% of nonfatal cases respectively. The annual burden of fall-related injuries equated to 25.90% of the share of GDP for the healthcare, social security and welfare industries in 2006. Conclusion Fall-related injuries were inversely related to victims＇ educational level. Children under the age of 5, women over 55 years old and men over 60 years old with an educational level lower than the primary school are the most risky groups of populations for intervention measures.

Application of in Vitro Alternative Tests Based on AOP in Skin Sensitization Evaluation of Cosmetics

To evaluate and discuss two novels in vitro alternative tests which based on the 2nd and 4th event of the AOP in skin sensitization and their application in skin sensitization evaluation of cosmetics in vitro.The DSens(DSens method)and Jurkat(TCPA method)were used as the test models and 9 of reference chemicals and 12 kinds of cosmetic products were used to confirm and assess the application capability in skin sensitization.The results showed that the DSens method was more sensitive to the reference chemicals compare to the TCPA method.All the results of cosmetic products showed a high consistency between these two assays and h-CLAT or in vivo assay.As the new screening method for skin sensitization evaluation of cosmetics,the in vitro alternative tests based on AOP have certain effectiveness.The reasonable combination strategy can bring a bright future for the development and application of animal alternative test in China.

Aqueous-phase formation of N-containing secondary organic compounds affected by the ionic strength

The reaction of carbonyl-to-imine/hemiaminal conversion in the atmospheric aqueous phase is a critical pathway to produce the light-absorbing N-containing secondary organic compounds(SOC).The formation mechanism of these compounds has been wildly investigated in bulk solutions with a low ionic strength.However,the ionic strength in the aqueous phase of the polluted atmosphere may be higher.It is still unclear whether and to what extent the inorganic ions can affect the SOC formation.Here we prepared the bulk solution with certain ionic strength,in which glyoxal and ammonium were mixed to mimic the aqueous-phase reaction.Molecular characterization by High-resolution Mass Spectrometry was performed to identify the N-containing products,and the light absorption of the mixtures was measured by ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy.Thirty-nine N-containing compounds were identified and divided into four categories(N-heterocyclic chromophores,high-molecular-weight compounds with N-heterocycle,aliphatic imines/hemiaminals,and the unclassified).It was observed that the longer reaction time and higher ionic strength led to the formation of more N-heterocyclic chromophores and the increasing of the lightabsorbance of the mixture.The added inorganic ions were proposed to make the aqueous phase somewhat viscous so that the molecules were prone to undergo consecutive and intramolecular reactions to form the heterocycles.In general,this study revealed that the enhanced ionic strength and prolonged reaction time had the promotion effect on the lightabsorbing SOC formation.It implies that the aldehyde-derived aqueous-phase SOC would contribute more light-absorbing particulate matter in the industrial or populated area where inorganic ions are abundant.

Autophagy Attenuates MnCl2-induced Apoptosis in Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells

Objective To investigate the role of autophagy in MnC l2-induced apoptosis in human bronchial epithelial 16 HBE cells.Methods Cell proliferation was measured by MTT assay.Mitochondrial membrane potential（MMP） and apoptosis were measured by flow cytometry.Autophagic vacuoles were detected by fluorescence microscopy.Cellular levels of apoptosis and autophagy-related proteins were measured by western blotting.Results 16 HBE cell proliferation was inhibited by Mn Cl2 in a dose-and time-dependent manner.Mn Cl2-induced 16 HBE cell growth inhibition was related to MMP depolarization prior to the induction of apoptosis.Our data revealed that Mn Cl2-induced apoptosis in 16 HBE cells was mediated by decreased expression of Bcl-2 and increased levels of cleaved caspase-3.It was observed that when we exposed 16 HBE cells to MnCl2 in a dose-dependent manner,the formation of autophagic vacuoles and the levels of LC-3B-II were elevated.RNA interference of LC3 B in these Mn Cl2-exposed cells demonstrated that MMP loss and apoptosis were enhanced.Additionally,the pan-caspase inhibitor Z-VAD-FMK increased the cellular levels of Bcl-2 and decreased apoptosis,but did not affect the cellular levels of LC3 B in Mn Cl2-treated 16 HBE cells.Conclusion Mn Cl2 dose-and time-dependently inhibits 16 HBE cell proliferation and induces MMP loss and apoptosis.Autophagy acts in a protective role against Mn Cl2-induced apoptosis in 16 HBE cells.

Effectiveness of quality of care for patients with type 2 diabetes in China:findings from the Shanghai Integration Model(SIM)

This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the quality of care of diabetes in Shanghai,China.A total of 173235 patients with type 2 diabetes in 2017 were included in the analysis.Profiles of risk factors and intermediate outcomes were determined.The patients had a mean age of 66.43±8.12(standard deviation(SD))years and a mean diabetes duration of 7.95±5.53(SD)years.The percentage of patients who achieved the target level for HbA_(1c)(<7.0%)was 48.6%.Patients who achieved the target levels for blood pressure(BP)<130/80 mmHg and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol(LDL-c)<2.6 mmol/L reached 17.5%and 34.0%,respectively.A total of 3.8%achieved all three target levels,and the value increased to 6.8%with an adaptation of the BP target level(<140/90 mmHg)for those over 65 years.Multivariable analysis identified the factors associated with a great likelihood of achieving all three target levels:male,young age,short diabetes duration,low body mass index,macrovascular complications,no microvascular complications,prescribed with lipid-lowering medication,and no prescription of antihypertensive medication.In conclusion,nearly 50%and one-third of the patients with diabetes met the target levels for HbA_(1c)and LDL-c,respectively,with a low percentage achieving the BP target level.The percentage of patients who achieved all three target levels needs significant improvement.

Postoperative infection caused by Acinetobacter baumannii misdiagnosed as a free-living amoeba species in a humeral head hemiarthroplasty patient:a case report

Background:Acinetobacter baumannii is ubiquitous,facultative intracellular,and opportunistic bacterial pathogen.Its unique abilities allow it to survive in a diverse range of environments,including health care settings,leading to nosocomial infections.And its exceptional ability to develop resistance to multiple antibiotics leaves few drug options for treatment.It has been recognized as a leading cause of nosocomial pneumonia and bacteremia over the world.Case presentation:In this case,a 73-year-old woman presented with a Neer Group VI proximal humeral fracture.Six hours after a successfully performed hemiarthroplasty,she developed continuous fever.Clinical examination revealed that the vitals were regular.Laboratory and radiographic examinations revealed only elevated procalcitonin levels.Blood culture revealed no bacterial or fungal growth.Cooling treatment and empirical broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy showed no apparent effect.Conclusions:We report a postoperative infection caused by Acinetobacter baumannii.The infectious pathogen was identified via molecular DNA sequencing and was initially misidentified as a free-living amoeba species upon microscopic examinations.The patient was mistreated with antiamebic combination therapy.Her symptoms persisted for over 4 months and were eventually followed by her death.

Recent developments and trends of automatic nucleic acid detection systems

Nucleic acid detection,widely used in clinical diagnosis,biological analysis,and environmental monitoring,is of great significance for disease diagnosis and basic research.With the outbreak of COVID-19,the demand for fast and high-throughput nucleic acid detection from large numbers of samples has increased sharply.Automated nucleic acid detection systems can meet these needs,and also play important roles in disease screening and infectious disease prevention and control.In this review,we introduce and compare the current mainstream nucleic acid automatic detection instruments and equipment,then discuss the future demands of nucleic acid detection.

Seeking "protective" and "harmful" immune genes during chronic HIV-1 infection by transcriptome analysis

Human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)-infected individuals exhibit remarkable transcriptomic variation.Transcriptome analyses of antiretroviral therapy(ART)-free chronically infected HIV-1 patients with different clinical outcomes are likely to aid the development of vaccine and immune therapies.Here,we performed microarray analyses on whole-blood derived RNA from 89 ART-free HIV-1-infected individuals from 2 cohorts.The differentially expressed genes were analyzed between long-term non-progressors,viremic non-progressors and typical progressors,and between elite controllers and non-elite controllers among the long-term nonprogressors.Several genes related to T-cell growth,proliferation and differentiation and antiapoptosis were upregulated,whereas interferon-stimulated genes and inflammatory genes were significantly downregulated in long-term non-progressors and viremic non-progressors.The observations above were further confirmed in the set of 261 genes that correlated with disease progression during a 5-year follow-up,which included 51 genes significantly associated with slower disease progression,and 210 genes associated with aggressive disease progression.Overall,our data suggest that it is vital to maintain the homeostasis of the immune system when mounting antiviral immune responses.Immune therapeutics able to reconstruct immune homeostasis are likely to be required for immune reconstitution in the context of ART,such as the administration of interleukin-7,healthy allogenic CD4^(+)T cells(providing CD4^(+)T-cell growth factors),or Tregs.