Emergency road network structure and planning optimization in mountainous regions in Southwest China under earthquake scenarios

Emergency road networks(ERNs),an important part of local disaster prevention systems,can provide security to residents and their property.Exploring the ERNs structure is of great significance in terms of promoting disaster prevention and establishing road safety in dangerous mountainous areas.This study considered the ERNs of the Kangding section of the Dadu River Basin as the area for a case study.Complex Network Analysis was used to examine the relationship between the four characteristic indicators of mountain roads and the degree of earthquake impacts under the Lushan,Wenchuan,and Kangding Earthquake scenarios.Based on the analysis results,the southwest mountain road network was evaluated;then,computer simulations were used to evaluate the structural changes in the road network after index changes.The network was optimized,and the corresponding emergency avoidance network was proposed to provide a reference for the establishment of the mountainous ERN.The results show that the overall completeness of the mountainous ERNs in Southwest China is poor and prone to traffic accidents.Moreover,the local stability is poor,and the network is susceptible to natural hazards.The overall structure of the road network is balanced,but that of certain road sections is not.Road sections with different attributes present a“gathering-scattering”spatial distribution,i.e,some sections are clustered together while others are far apart.Accordingly,a planning optimization strategy is proposed to better understand the complexity and systematic nature of the mountainous ERN as a whole and to provide a reference for disaster prevention and mitigation planning in mountainous regions in Southwest China.

Strategic Guidance & Rigid Control: Innovation of Urban Master Planning in the New Period by Taking Shanghai 2040 Master Plan as an Example

The reform of urban master planning should make continuous progress to meet the requirements of urban and rural spatial resource control in the urbanization transformation period, considering its role of both strategic guidance and rigid control. As urban development in Shanghai is entering the era of stock-based development, it is important for the Shanghai 2040 Master Plan to upgrade urban strategies to adapt to the transformation environment of urban development, and to adjust the master planning system in line with Shanghai's reality. This article analyzes the development environment and challenges faced by the Shanghai 2040 Master Plan and reflects on the limitations of traditional master planning. To facilitate the spatial development transformation and spatial governance, the article summarizes the innovation ideas of the Shanghai 2040 Master Plan from aspects of functions, outcome framework, control system, organization format, etc.

Cluster and characteristic analysis of Shanghai metro stations based on metro card and land-use data

Metro is an important form of public transport in Shanghai.Based on the metro card data,we conduct the cluster analysis of Shanghai metro stations according to the pattern of passenger flow changing with time.Then the characteristics of travel time and surrounding land use are investigated for different types of stations to explore the relationship between urban land-use characteristics and travel activities reflected by passenger flow at metro stations.It is found that the passenger flow pattern of metro stations is closely related to the location conditions of stations and its surrounding land-use patterns.Based on various characteristics,285 metro stations are classified into four types,including residential-oriented stations,employmentoriented stations,employment-residence-oriented stations,and integrated functionaloriented stations,reflecting the interaction between spontaneous travel behavior and urban land-use characteristics and providing a reference for optimizing the urban functional structure and the spatial allocation of facilities.

Spatial Identities of Public Health Service Facilities in Metropolitan Suburban Communities: A Case Study of Shanghai Jinshan District

Both "Healthy China" and "Healthy Shanghai" programs require construction and development of community public health services. Taking Jinshan District in Shanghai as a case study, this paper evaluates the status quo of community health services from the "demand-supply" perspective, and finds a remarkable difference in the needs among different age groups, a big gap between urban and rural areas in the coverage degree of facilities, and different challenges for public service at the "prevention – treatment – health care" stages. It further puts forward several planning strategies involving(1) specific service supply based on different age groups,(2) "15-minute health service cycles" in both urban and rural communities,(3) adjustment of facilities to local conditions, and(4) promoting the quality of health services. Furthermore, it discusses in-depth issues underlying planning policies, such as the innovation of service content, the integration of different plans, and the cultivation of health service needs.

From Comprehensive Defense to Resilient City: Strategic Conception of Shanghai's City Security in the New Normal

The trend of climate warming and deeper globalization is adding new content to urban risks in Shanghai, resulting in the adaption of traditional comprehensive defense planning to the new environment. Based on the resilient city theory, this paper proposes a transition for Shanghai from an original comprehensive defense to a resilient city vision through strategic framework and approaches from the three aspects of engineering technology, spatial defense, and social governance in the New Normal age. Meanwhile, it suggests that Shanghai should use information technology to enhance the level of risk monitoring and to improve engineering design standards; strengthen the resilience from the scales of "life circle-urban circle-municipal administrative area"; and innovate as well as improve the social safety governance.

Who are on the road? A study on vehicle usage characteristics based on one-week vehicle trajectory data

Understanding the characteristics of passenger vehicle use is the prerequisite for effective urban management.However,it has been challenging in the existing literature due to the lack of continuously observed data on passenger vehicle use.Thanks to the advances in data collection and processing techniques,multi-day vehicle trajectory data generated from volunteered passenger cars provide new opportunities for examining in depth how people travel in regular patterns.In this paper,based on a week’s operation data of 6600 passenger cars in Shanghai,we develop a systematic approach for identifying trips and travel purposes,and classify vehicles into four categories using a Gaussian-Mixed-Model.A new method is proposed to identify vehicle travel regularities and we use the Z Test to explore differences in travel time and route choices between four types of vehicles.Wefind that commercially used vehicles present high travel intensity in temporal and spatial aspects and the use intensity in elevated roads is higher for household-used commuting vehicles than semi-commercially used vehicles.The methodologies and conclusions of this paper may provide not only theoretical support for future urban traffic prediction,but also guidance for employing customized active traffic demand management measures to alleviate traffic congestion.

An approach to calculating allowable watershed pollutant loads

To improve the management of discharge pollutants loads in the reservoirs＇ watershed, an approach of the allowable pollutants loads calculation and its allocation, based on the water environment model, was proposed. Establishment of the approach framework was described at first. Under the guidance of this framework, two major steps were as follows： modeling and scenario analysis were involved and should be applied to support the decision of discharge loads management; Environ- mental Fluid Dynamic Code （EFDC） model was selected as the kernel model in this framework. In modeling step, spatial discretization for establishing cell map in model, data preprocessing, parameter calibration and uncertainty analysis （which is considered as the significantly relevant factor of the margin of safety （MOS））, were conducted. As a result of the research, the model-based approach presented as a combination of estimation and precise calculation, which contributed to scenario analysis step. Some integrated modules, such as scenario simulation, result analysis and plan optimization were implemented as cycles in the scenario analysis. Finally, allowable pollutant loads under various conditions were calculated. The Chaihe Reservoir in Liaoning Province, China was used as a case study for an application of the approach described above. Results of the Chaihe reservoir water quality simulation, show good agreement with field data and demonstrated that the approach used in the present study provide an efficient and appropriate methodology for pollutant load allocation.