A direct real-time polymerase chain reaction assay for rapid high-throughput detection of highly pathogenic North American porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in China without RNA purification

Background： Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus （PRRSV）, and particularly its highly pathogenic genotype （HP-PRRSV）, have caused massive economic losses to the global swine industry. Results： To rapidly identify HP-PRRSV, we developed a direct reaL-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction method （dRT-PCR） that could detect the virus from serum specimen without the need of RNA purification Our dRT-PCR assay can be completed in 1.5 h from when a sample is received to obtaining a result. Additionally, the sensitivity of dRT-PCR matched that of conventional reverse transcription PCR （cRT-PCR） that used purified RNA The lowest detection limit of HP-PRRSV was 6.3 TCIDs0 using dRT-PCR. We applied dRT-PCR assay to 144 field samples and the results showed strong consistency with those obtained by cRT-PCR. Moreover, the dRT-PCR method was able to tolerate 5-20% （v/v） serum. Conclusions： Our dRT-PCR assay allows for easier, faster, more cost-effective and higher throughput detection of HP-PRRSV compared with cRT-PCR methods. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report to describe a real-time RT-PCR assay capable of detecting PRRSV in crude serum samples without the requirement for purifying RNA. We believe our approach has a great potential for application to other RNA viruses.

A review of bambusicolous Ascomycota in China with an emphasis on species richness in southwest China

Bamboos not only provide socio-economic benefits to communities within the region,but also provide ecosystem services such as soil-water conservation,stabilization of sandy soils and restoration of soil nutrients.Bambusicolous ascomycetes refer to ascomycetous fungi living on any substrate of bamboo.As the largest group of fungi on bamboo,they play a significant ecological value in species composition and the structure of the fungal community,circulation of materials and energy flow of nutritional elements.In an effort to document the bambusicolous Ascomycota found in China,we assessed all major sources of academic literature,journal papers,and the USDA database(https://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/fungushost/fungushost.cfm)for reports of these fungi from China.As a result,we produced a systematic and comprehensive checklist of bambusicolous Ascomycota in China.Current names of fungi,bamboo host name,bamboo substrate,details of collected localities,references and latest classification for every bambusicolous ascomycete in China are also provided.In addition,we focused on the species richness of bambusicolous Ascomycota in China with an emphasis on southwest China.

miR-25 modulates triacylglycerol and lipid accumulation in goat mammary epithelial cells by repressing PGC-1beta

Background: The goat(Caprahircus) is one of the most important livestock animals. Goat milk fat is an important component in the nutritional quality of goat milk. Growing evidence points to the critical roles of microRNAs(miRNAs) in lipid metabolism.Results: Using a highly sensitive method of S-poly(T) plus for miRNAs detection, we analyze the expression patterns of 715 miRNAs in goat mammary gland tissues at different stages of lactation. We observed that miR-25 expression had an inverse relationship with milk production. Overexpression of miR-25 significantly repressed triacylglycerol synthesis and lipid droplet accumulation. To explore the regulatory mechanism of miR-25 in milk lipid metabolism,we analyzed its putative target genes with bioinformatics analysis followed by 3′-UTR assays. Peroxisome proliferative activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 beta(PGC-1 beta), a key regulator of lipogenics was identified as a direct target of miR-25 with three specific sites within its 3′-UTR. In addition, miR-25 mimics in goat mammary epithelial cells reduced the expressions of genes involved in lipid metabolism.Conclusions: Taken together, our results show miR-25 is potentially involved in lipid metabolism and we reveal the function of the miR-25/PGC-1 beta regulatory axis during lactation.

三段式谷氨酸棒杆菌发酵生产生物絮凝剂的过程及动力学模拟(英文)

Fermentation of bioflocculant with Corynebacterium glutamicum was studied by way of kinetic modeling.Lorentzian modified Logistic model, time-corrected Luedeking–Piret and Luedeking–Piret type models were proposed and applied to describe the cell growth, bioflocculant synthesis and consumption of substrates, with the correlation of initial biomass concentration and initial glucose concentration, respectively. The results showed that these models could well characterize the batch culture process of C. glutamicum at various initial glucose concentrations from 10.0 to 17.5 g·L-1. The initial biomass concentration could shorten the lag time of cell growth,while the maximum biomass concentration was achieved only at the optimal initial glucose concentration of16.22 g·L-1. A novel three-stage fed-batch strategy for bioflocculant production was developed based on the model prediction, in which the lag phase, quick biomass growth and bioflocculant production stages were sequentially proceeded with the adjustment of glucose concentration and dissolved oxygen. Biomass of2.23 g·L-1was obtained and bioflocculant concentration was enhanced to 176.32 mg·L-1, 18.62% and403.63% higher than those in the batch process, respectively, indicating an efficient fed-batch culture strategy for bioflocculant production.

An improved Tet-on system in micro RNA overexpression and CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing

Background: Tetracycline(Tet)-regulated expression system has become a widely applied tool to control gene activity. This study aimed to improve the Tet-on system with superior regulatory characteristics.Results: By comprehensively comparing factors of transactivators, Tet-responsive elements(TREs), orientations of induced expression cassette, and promoters controlling the transactivator, we developed an optimal Tet-on system with enhanced inducible efficiency and lower leakiness. With the system, we successfully performed effective inducible and reversible expression of micro RNA, and presented a more precise and easily reproducible fine-tuning for confirming the target of a mi RNA. Finally, the system was applied in CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout of nuclear factor of activated T cells-5(NFAT5), a protective transcription factor in cellular osmoregulation.Conclusions: This study established an improved Tet-on system for powerful and stringent gene regulation in functional genetic studies.

Fungal diversity notes 1151-1276:taxonomic and phylogenetic contributions on genera and species of fungal taxa

Fungal diversity notes is one of the important journal series of fungal taxonomy that provide detailed descriptions and illustrations of new fungal taxa,as well as providing new information of fungal taxa worldwide.This article is the 11th contribution to the fungal diversity notes series,in which 126 taxa distributed in two phyla,six classes,24 orders and 55 families are described and illustrated.Taxa in this study were mainly collected from Italy by Erio Camporesi and also collected from China,India and Thailand,as well as in some other European,North American and South American countries.Taxa described in the present study include two new families,12 new genera,82 new species,five new combinations and 25 new records on new hosts and new geographical distributions as well as sexual-asexual reports.The two new families are Eriomycetaceae(Dothideomycetes,family incertae sedis)and Fasciatisporaceae(Xylariales,Sordariomycetes).The twelve new genera comprise Bhagirathimyces(Phaeosphaeriaceae),Camporesiomyces(Tubeufiaceae),Eriocamporesia(Cryphonectriaceae),Eriomyces(Eriomycetaceae),Neomonodictys(Pleurotheciaceae),Paraloratospora(Phaeosphaeriaceae),Paramonodictys(Parabambusicolaceae),Pseudoconlarium(Diaporthomycetidae,genus incertae sedis),Pseudomurilentithecium(Lentitheciaceae),Setoapiospora(Muyocopronaceae),Srinivasanomyces(Vibrisseaceae)and Xenoanthostomella(Xylariales,genera incertae sedis).The 82 new species comprise Acremonium chiangraiense,Adustochaete nivea,Angustimassarina camporesii,Bhagirathimyces himalayensis,Brunneoclavispora camporesii,Camarosporidiella camporesii,Camporesiomyces mali,Camposporium appendiculatum,Camposporium multiseptatum,Camposporium septatum,Canalisporium aquaticium,Clonostachys eriocamporesiana,Clonostachys eriocamporesii,Colletotrichum hederiicola,Coniochaeta vineae,Conioscypha verrucosa,Cortinarius ainsworthii,Cortinarius aurae,Cortinarius britannicus,Cortinarius heatherae,Cortinarius scoticus,Cortinarius subsaniosus,Cytospora fusispora,Cytospora rosigena,Diaporthe camporesii,Diaporthe nigra,Diatrypella yunnanensis,Dictyosporium muriformis,Didymella camporesii,Diutina bernali,Diutina sipiczkii,Eriocamporesia aurantia,Eriomyces heveae,Ernakulamia tanakae,Falciformispora uttaraditensis,Fasciatispora cocoes,Foliophoma camporesii,Fuscostagonospora camporesii,Helvella subtinta,Kalmusia erioi,Keissleriella camporesiana,Keissleriella camporesii,Lanspora cylindrospora,Loratospora arezzoensis,Mariannaea atlantica,Melanographium phoenicis,Montagnula camporesii,Neodidymelliopsis camporesii,Neokalmusia kunmingensis,Neoleptosporella camporesiana,Neomonodictys muriformis,Neomyrmecridium guizhouense,Neosetophoma camporesii,Paraloratospora camporesii,Paramonodictys solitarius,Periconia palmicola,Plenodomus triseptatus,Pseudocamarosporium camporesii,Pseudocercospora maetaengensis,Pseudochaetosphaeronema kunmingense,Pseudoconlarium punctiforme,Pseudodactylaria camporesiana,Pseudomurilentithecium camporesii,Pseudotetraploa rajmachiensis,Pseudotruncatella camporesii,Rhexocercosporidium senecionis,Rhytidhysteron camporesii,Rhytidhysteron erioi,Septoriella camporesii,Setoapiospora thailandica,Srinivasanomyces kangrensis,Tetraploa dwibahubeeja,Tetraploa pseudoaristata,Tetraploa thrayabahubeeja,Torula camporesii,Tremateia camporesii,Tremateia lamiacearum,Uzbekistanica pruni,Verruconis mangrovei,Wilcoxina verruculosa,Xenoanthostomella chromolaenae and Xenodidymella camporesii.The five new combinations are Camporesiomyces patagoniensis,Camporesiomyces vaccinia,Camposporium lycopodiellae,Paraloratospora gahniae and Rhexocercosporidium microsporum.The 22 new records on host and geographical distribution comprise Arthrinium marii,Ascochyta medicaginicola,Ascochyta pisi,Astrocystis bambusicola,Camposporium pellucidum,Dendryphiella phitsanulokensis,Diaporthe foeniculina,Didymella macrostoma,Diplodia mutila,Diplodia seriata,Heterosphaeria patella,Hysterobrevium constrictum,Neodidymelliopsis ranunculi,Neovaginatispora fuckelii,Nothophoma quercina,Occultibambusa bambusae,Phaeosphaeria chinensis,Pseudopestalotiopsis theae,Pyxine berteriana,Tetraploa sasicola,Torula gaodangensis and Wojnowiciella dactylidis.In addition,the sexual morphs of Dissoconium eucalypti and Phaeosphaeriopsis pseudoagavacearum are reported from Laurus nobilis and Yucca gloriosa in Italy,respectively.The holomorph of Diaporthe cynaroidis is also reported for the first time.

Fungal diversity notes 929-1035:taxonomic and phylogenetic contributions on genera and species of fungi

This article is the ninth in the series of Fungal Diversity Notes,where 107 taxa distributed in three phyla,nine classes,31 orders and 57 families are described and illustrated.Taxa described in the present study include 12 new genera,74 new species,three new combinations,two reference specimens,a re-circumscription of the epitype,and 15 records of sexualasexual morph connections,new hosts and new geographical distributions.Twelve new genera comprise Brunneofusispora,Brunneomurispora,Liua,Lonicericola,Neoeutypella,Paratrimmatostroma,Parazalerion,Proliferophorum,Pseudoastrosphaeriellopsis,Septomelanconiella,Velebitea and Vicosamyces.Seventy-four new species are Agaricus memnonius,A.langensis,Aleurodiscus patagonicus,Amanita flavoalba,A.subtropicana,Amphisphaeria mangrovei,Baorangia major,Bartalinia kunmingensis,Brunneofusispora sinensis,Brunneomurispora lonicerae,Capronia camelliaeyunnanensis,Clavulina thindii,Coniochaeta simbalensis,Conlarium thailandense,Coprinus trigonosporus,Liua muriformis,Cyphellophora filicis,Cytospora ulmicola,Dacrymyces invisibilis,Dictyocheirospora metroxylonis,Distoseptispora thysanolaenae,Emericellopsis koreana,Galiicola baoshanensis,Hygrocybe lucida,Hypoxylon teeravasati,Hyweljonesia indica,Keissleriella caraganae,Lactarius olivaceopallidus,Lactifluus midnapurensis,Lembosia brigadeirensis,Leptosphaeria urticae,Lonicericola hyaloseptispora,Lophiotrema mucilaginosis,Marasmiellus bicoloripes,Marasmius indojasminodorus,Micropeltis phetchaburiensis,Mucor orantomantidis,Murilentithecium lonicerae,Neobambusicola brunnea,Neoeutypella baoshanensis,Neoroussoella heveae,Neosetophoma lonicerae,Ophiobolus malleolus,Parabambusicola thysanolaenae,Paratrimmatostroma kunmingensis,Parazalerion indica,Penicillium dokdoense,Peroneutypa mangrovei,Phaeosphaeria cycadis,Phanerochaete australosanguinea,Plectosphaerella kunmingensis,Plenodomus artemisiae,P.lijiangensis,Proliferophorum thailandicum,Pseudoastrosphaeriellopsis kaveriana,Pseudohelicomyces menglunicus,Pseudoplagiostoma mangiferae,Robillarda mangiferae,Roussoella elaeicola,Russula choptae,R.uttarakhandia,Septomelanconiella thailandica,Spencermartinsia acericola,Sphaerellopsis isthmospora,Thozetella lithocarpi,Trechispora echinospora,Tremellochaete atlantica,Trichoderma koreanum,T.pinicola,T.rugulosum,Velebitea chrysotexta,Vicosamyces venturisporus,Wojnowiciella kunmingensis and Zopfiella indica.Three new combinations are Baorangia rufomaculata,Lanmaoa pallidorosea and Wojnowiciella rosicola.The reference specimens of Canalisporium kenyense and Tamsiniella labiosa are designated.The epitype of Sarcopeziza sicula is re-circumscribed based on cyto-and histochemical analyses.The sexual-asexual morph connection of Plenodomus sinensis is reported from ferns and Cirsium for the first time.In addition,the new host records and country records are Amanita altipes,A.melleialba,Amarenomyces dactylidis,Chaetosphaeria panamensis,Coniella vitis,Coprinopsis kubickae,Dothiorella sarmentorum,Leptobacillium leptobactrum var.calidus,Muyocopron lithocarpi,Neoroussoella solani,Periconia cortaderiae,Phragmocamarosporium hederae,Sphaerellopsis paraphysata and Sphaeropsis eucalypticola.

Taxonomy,phylogeny and evolution of freshwater Hypocreomycetidae(Sordariomycetes)

Hypocreomycetidae is a highly diverse group with species from various habitats. This subclass has been reported as pathogenic,endophytic, parasitic, saprobic, fungicolous, lichenicolous, algicolous, coprophilous and insect fungi from aquatic andterrestrial habitats. In this study, we focused on freshwater fungi of Hypocreomycetidae which resulted 41 fresh collectionsfrom China and Thailand. Based on morphological and phylogenetic analyses, we identified 26 species that belong to twoorders (Hypocreales and Microascales) and six families (Bionectriaceae, Halosphaeriaceae, Microascaceae, Nectriaceae,Sarocladiaceae and Stachybotryaceae). Ten new species are introduced and 13 new habitats and geographic records arereported. Mariannaea superimposita, Stachybotrys chartarum and S. chlorohalonatus are recollected from freshwater habitatsin China. Based on phylogenetic analysis of combined LSU, ITS, SSU, rpb2 and tef1-α sequences data, Emericellopsisis transferred to Hypocreales genera incertae sedis;Pseudoacremonium is transferred to Bionectriaceae;Sedecimiella isplaced in Nectriaceae;Nautosphaeria and Tubakiella are excluded from Halosphaeriaceae and placed in Microascalesgenera incertae sedis;and Faurelina is excluded from Hypocreomycetidae. Varicosporella is placed under Atractium as asynonym of Atractium. In addition, phylogenetic analysis and divergence time estimates showed that Ascocodina, Campylospora,Cornuvesica and Xenodactylariaceae form distinct lineages in Hypocreomycetidae and they evolved in the family/order time frame. Hence, a new order (Xenodactylariales) and three new families (Ascocodinaceae, Campylosporaceae andCornuvesicaceae) are introduced based on phylogenetic analysis, divergence time estimations and morphological characters.Ancestral character state analysis is performed for different habitats of Hypocreomycetidae including freshwater, marineand terrestrial taxa. The result indicates that marine and freshwater fungi evolved independently from terrestrial ancestors.The results further support those early diverging clades of this subclass, mostly comprising terrestrial taxa and freshwaterand marine taxa have been secondarily derived, while the crown clade (Nectriaceae) is represented in all three habitats. Theevolution of various morphological adaptations towards their habitual changes are also discussed.

Taxonomic monograph of epifoliar fungi

Epifoliar fungi are one of the significant fungal groups typically living on the surface of leaves. They are usually recordedas saprobes, obligate parasites and commensals and are widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions. Numerousgenera within this group remain inadequately understood, primarily attributed to limited taxonomic knowledge and insufficientmolecular data. Furthermore, the taxonomic delineation of epifoliar fungi remained uncertain, with scattered andliterature-based data often intermixed with other follicolous fungi. Herein, a comprehensive taxonomic monograph of 124genera in (32) Asterinales, (18) Capnodiales, (15) Chaetothyriales, (8) Meliolales, (8) Micropeltidales, (10) Microthyriales,(32) Parmulariales and (1) Zeloasperisporiales was provided re-describing with illustrations and line drawings. Notes onecological and economic importance of the families are also provided. Representatives type herbarium materials of Campoapulcherrima, Cycloschizon brachylaenae, Ferrarisia philippina, Hysterostomella guaranitica, Palawaniella orbiculata andPseudolembosia orbicularis of Parmulariaceae were re-examined and provided updated illustrations with descriptions. Abackbone phylogenetic tree and divergence estimation analysis for epifoliar fungi based on LSU and 5.8s ITS sequence dataare provided.

Fungal diversity notes 1036-1150:taxonomic and phylogenetic contributions on genera and species of fungal taxa

This article is the tenth series of the Fungal Diversity Notes,where 114 taxa distributed in three phyla,ten classes,30 orders and 53 families are described and illustrated.Taxa described in the present study include one new family(viz.Pseudoberkleasmiaceae in Dothideomycetes),five new genera(Caatingomyces,Cryptoschizotrema,Neoacladium,Paramassaria and Trochilispora)and 71 new species,(viz.Acrogenospora thailandica,Amniculicola aquatica,A.guttulata,Angustimassarina sylvatica,Blackwellomyces lateris,Boubovia gelatinosa,Buellia viridula,Caatingomyces brasiliensis,Calophoma humuli,Camarosporidiella mori,Canalisporium dehongense,Cantharellus brunneopallidus,C.griseotinctus,Castanediella meliponae,Coprinopsis psammophila,Cordyceps succavus,Cortinarius minusculus,C.subscotoides,Diaporthe italiana,D.rumicicola,Diatrypella delonicis,Dictyocheirospora aquadulcis,D.taiwanense,Digitodesmium chiangmaiense,Distoseptispora dehongensis,D.palmarum,Dothiorella styphnolobii,Ellisembia aurea,Falciformispora aquatic,Fomitiporia carpinea,F.lagerstroemiae,Grammothele aurantiaca,G.micropora,Hermatomyces bauhiniae,Jahnula queenslandica,Kamalomyces mangrovei,Lecidella yunnanensis,Micarea squamulosa,Muriphaeosphaeria angustifoliae,Neoacladium indicum,Neodidymelliopsis sambuci,Neosetophoma miscanthi,N.salicis,Nodulosphaeria aquilegiae,N.thalictri,Paramassaria samaneae,Penicillium circulare,P.geumsanense,P.mali-pumilae,P.psychrotrophicum,P.wandoense,Phaeoisaria siamensis,Phaeopoacea asparagicola,Phaeosphaeria penniseti,Plectocarpon galapagoense,Porina sorediata,Pseudoberkleasmium chiangmaiense,Pyrenochaetopsis sinensis,Rhizophydium koreanum,Russula prasina,Sporoschisma chiangraiense,Stigmatomyces chamaemyiae,S.cocksii,S.papei,S.tschirnhausii,S.vikhrevii,Thysanorea uniseptata,Torula breviconidiophora,T.polyseptata,Trochilispora schefflerae and Vaginatispora palmae).Further,twelve new combinations(viz.Cryptoschizotrema cryptotrema,Prolixandromyces australi,P.elongatus,P.falcatus,P.longispinae,P.microveliae,P.neoalardi,P.polhemorum,P.protuberans,P.pseudoveliae,P.tenuistipitis and P.umbonatus),an epitype is chosen for Cantharellus goossensiae,a reference specimen for Acrogenospora sphaerocephala and new synonym Prolixandromyces are designated.Twenty-four new records on new hosts and new geographical distributions are also reported(i.e.Acrostalagmus annulatus,Cantharellus goossensiae,Coprinopsis villosa,Dothiorella plurivora,Dothiorella rhamni,Dothiorella symphoricarposicola,Dictyocheirospora rotunda,Fasciatispora arengae,Grammothele brasiliensis,Lasiodiplodia iraniensis,Lembosia xyliae,Morenoina palmicola,Murispora cicognanii,Neodidymelliopsis farokhinejadii,Neolinocarpon rachidis,Nothophoma quercina,Peroneutypa scoparia,Pestalotiopsis aggestorum,Pilidium concavum,Plagiostoma salicellum,Protofenestella ulmi,Sarocladium kiliense,Tetraploa nagasakiensis and Vaginatispora armatispora).

New players in ABA signaling: identification of PUB12/13 involved in degradation of ABA co-receptor ABI1

Abscisic acid(ABA)was originally identified in the early1960s,and was thought to be involved in fruit and leaf abscission.Over the past 50 years,ABA was intensely studied and has become one of the vital plant hormones implicated in seed dormancy,seed germination,stomatal regulation,flowering,senescence and environmental stress responses.

Uridylation and adenylation of RNAs

The posttranscriptional addition of nontemplated nucleotides to the 3′ ends of RNA molecules can have a significant impact on their stability and biological function. It has been recently discovered that nontemplated addition of uridine or adenosine to the 3′ ends of RNAs occurs in different organisms ranging from algae to humans, and on different kinds of RNAs, such as histone m RNAs, m RNA fragments, U6 sn RNA, mature small RNAs and their precursors etc. These modifications may lead to different outcomes, such as increasing RNA decay, promoting or inhibiting RNA processing, or changing RNA activity. Growing pieces of evidence have revealed that such modifications can be RNA sequence-specific and subjected to temporal or spatial regulation in development. RNA tailing and its outcomes have been associated with human diseases such as cancer. Here, we review recent developments in RNA uridylation and adenylation and discuss the future prospects in this research area.

Evolution of freshwater Diaporthomycetidae(Sordariomycetes)provides evidence for five new orders and six new families

Cancellidium is a remarkable fungal genus which has been collected from wood submerged in freshwater and has unique conidia that are important in dispersal in running streams.With such a remarkable morphology,one would have expected it to be a distinct family or order.However,due to the dearth of molecular evidence in related taxa,this genus has previ-ously been placed in the order Hypocreales,subclass Hypocreomycetidae of Sordariomycetes.In this study,we made three new collections of this remarkable aquatic genus from streams in China and Thailand,isolated them into culture,extracted DNA and carried out multigene phylogenetic analysis and divergence time estimation which placed the genus in Diaporthomycetidae.This is one of the seven subclasses of Sordariomycetes and contains 30 lineages that are only known from freshwater.The subclass is therefore of interest when considering the evolution of freshwater fungi.Several lineages of Diaporthomycetidae are morphologically unique and taxa cluster with strong support,but have weak support at the base of the trees.The phylogenetic and MCC trees generated in this study indicate that Aquapteridospora,Barbatosphaeriaceae,Bullimyces,Cancellidium,Ceratolenta,Conlarium,Phialemoniopsis,Pseudostanjehughesia and Rhamphoriaceae are distinct genera/families that evolved in the family/order time frame.The new orders Barbatosphaeriales(177 MYA),Cancellidiales(137 MYA),Ceratolentales(147 MYA),Conlariales(138 MYA)and Rhamphoriales(133 MYA)and six new families,Aquapteridosporaceae(110 MYA),Cancellidiaceae(137 MYA),Ceratolentaceae(81 MYA),Bullimycetaceae(81 MYA),Phialemoniopsaceae(59 MYA),and Pseudostanjehughesiaceae(111 MYA)are introduced with evidence from phylogenies,divergence estimates and distinct morphologies.Of these families,Aquapteridosporaceae,Cancellidiaceae,Bullimycetaceae,and Pseudostanjehughesiaceae are only known from freshwater.

Taxonomy and the evolutionary history of Micropeltidaceae

Micropeltidaceae species are flyspeck fungi which have been subjected to few systematic studies.We re-examined 27 genera which were accepted in the Micropeltidaceae and re-described them based on herbaria materials and protologues.Based on morphology and phylogenetic investigations,we transfer Micropeltidaceae to a new order,Micropeltidales(Lecanoromycetes).Genera with bluish or greenish upper walls(Dictyopeltella,Dictyothyriella,Dictyothyrina,Dictyothyrium,Haplopeltheca,Micropeltis,Scolecopeltidium and Stomiopeltopsis)are accepted in the new taxonomic concept for Micropeltidaceae.A molecular clock approach estimated the divergence time of the Micropeltidaceae crown group at 130(165–104)Mya,which also supports its rank as an order(diverging from 220–100 Mya).The evolutionary histories between Micropeltidaceae species and host plants are interpreted by cophylogenetic analyses calibrated by their divergence times.The result indicates that the diversification of Angiospermae(130–80 Mya)fosters the formation of genera of Micropeltidaceae mainly via cospeciation events,and this codivergent period would be an important reference when establishing generic boundaries of epifoliar fungi.

Divergence time calibrations for ancient lineages of Ascomycota classification based on a modern review of estimations

Inaccurate taxonomic placement of fossils can lead to the accumulation of errors in molecular clock studies and their generated evolutionary lineages.There are limited fossil data that can be used in divergence time estimations.Therefore,reliable morphological characterization and taxonomical identification of fossil fungi are extremely important.Most fossils of Dothideomycetes and Sordariomycetes are from the early Cenozoic(66-23 Mya),with fewer from the late Mesozoic(174-145 Mya).However,it is hard to distinguish some fossil descriptions as photographs and illustrations are unclear;thus,the validity of using these fossils in calibrations of molecular clocks is problematic.This study brings scattered paleobiological data on selected fossil Ascomycota,using descriptions,fossil images and illustrations,coupled with recent age estimations,and taxonomic and phylogenetic affinity of extant species.As an integrated approach,this study summarizes a historical fossil outline with a reliable minimum age for 16 calibrating points viz.crown of Aigialus,Anzia,Aspergillus,Asterina,Calicium chlorosporum–C.nobile,Capnodiales,Chaenotheca,Colletotrichum,Diaporthales,Meliola,Ophiocordyceps,Microthyriales,Microthyrium,Muyocopron,Pezizomycotina and Stigmatomyces.A scheme of Ascomycota ancient lineages is also provided in order to improve divergence time estimations.

The amazing potential of fungi:50 ways we can exploit fungi industrially

Fungi are an understudied,biotechnologically valuable group of organisms.Due to the immense range of habitats that fungi inhabit,and the consequent need to compete against a diverse array of other fungi,bacteria,and animals,fungi have developed numerous survival mechanisms.The unique attributes of fungi thus herald great promise for their application in biotechnology and industry.Moreover,fungi can be grown with relative ease,making production at scale viable.The search for fungal biodiversity,and the construction of a living fungi collection,both have incredible economic potential in locating organisms with novel industrial uses that will lead to novel products.This manuscript reviews fifty ways in which fungi can potentially be utilized as biotechnology.We provide notes and examples for each potential exploitation and give examples from our own work and the work of other notable researchers.We also provide a flow chart that can be used to convince funding bodies of the importance of fungi for biotechnological research and as potential products.Fungi have provided the world with penicillin,lovastatin,and other globally significant medicines,and they remain an untapped resource with enormous industrial potential.

The numbers of fungi:are the most speciose genera truly diverse?

Fungi play vital roles in ecosystems as endophytes,pathogens and saprobes.The current estimate of fungal diversity is highly uncertain,ranging from 1.5 to 12 million,but only around 150,000 species have been named and classified to date.Since the introduction of DNA based methods for species identification,the number of newly described taxa has increased from approximately 1000 to around 2000 yearly.This demonstrates the importance of DNA based methods to identify and distin-guish species,especially cryptic species.Many novel species from recent studies have been found in historically understudied regions and habitats,but these still represent only a small percentage of the estimated species.In this paper,we examine 16 genera from the top 40 most speciose genera as listed in Species Fungorum as case studies to examine the diversity of taxa in each genus.The genera treated herein are Cercospora,Diaporthe,Meliola,Passalora,Phyllachora,Phyllosticta,Pseudocer-cospora,Ramularia(ascomycetes)and Cortinarius,Entoloma,Inocybe,Marasmius,Psathyrella,Puccinia,Russula,Uromyces(basidiomycetes).We critically evaluate the number of species in these genera and correlate these numbers with the number of entries in GenBank.We introduce 18 new species Apiospora multiloculata,Candolleomyces thailandensis,Cortinarius acutoproximus,Cortinarius melleoalbus,Cortinarius pacificus,Cortinarius parvoacetosus,Diaporthe guizhouensis,Entoloma pseudosubcorvinum,Inocybe meirensongia,Marasmius albulus,Marasmius obscuroaurantiacus,Meliola camporesii,Phyl-lachora siamensis,Phyllosticta doitungensis,Picipes yuxiensis,Pseudocercospora vignae,Puccinia maureanui and Russula inornata.We also introduce a new record of Candolleomyces cladii-marisci and Inocybe iringolkavensis.We discuss the genera Colletotrichum and Pleurotus that are speciose,but do not occur in the top 40.We hypothesize whether there might be more species in these genera and discuss why these genera have some of the largest number of species.

Synthesis of Resveratrol Analogs/Stilbene Derivatives and Their Nitric Oxide Inhibitory and Radical Scavenging Activities

Sixteen resveratrol analogs（stilbene derivatives） including resveratrol were synthesized, in which hy- droxystilbenes, naturally occurring polyphenols, showed protective effects against reactive oxygen and nitrogen spe- cies（ROS/RNS） and hexahydroxystilbene（16） displayed the strongest activities against NO and l,l-diphenyl- 2-picrylhydrazyl（DPPH） with IC5o values of 7.8 and 5.7 μmol/L, respectively.

Thailand’s amazing diversity:up to 96%of fungi in northern Thailand may be novel

Fungi have been often neglected,despite the fact that they provided penicillin,lovastatin and many other important medicines.They are an understudied,but essential,fascinating and biotechnologically useful group of organisms.The study of fungi in northern Thailand has been carried out by us since 2005.These studies have been diverse,ranging from ecological aspects,phylogenetics with the incorportation of molecular dating,taxonomy(including morphology and chemotaxonomy)among a myriad of microfungi,to growing novel mushrooms,and DNA-based identification of plant pathogens.In this paper,advances in understanding the biodiversity of fungi in the region are discussed and compared with those further afield.Many new species have been inventoried for the region,but many unknown species remain to be described and/or catalogued.For example,in the edible genus Agaricus,over 35 new species have been introduced from northern Thailand,and numerous other taxa await description.In this relatively well known genus,93%of species novelty is apparent.In the microfungi,which are relatively poorly studied,the percentage of novel species is,surprisingly,generally not as high(55–96%).As well as Thai fungi,fungi on several hosts from Europe have been also investigated.Even with the well studied European microfungi an astounding percentage of new taxa(32–76%)have been discovered.The work is just a beginning and it will be a daunting task to document this astonishingly high apparent novelty among fungi.

Refined families of Dothideomycetes:orders and families incertae sedis in Dothideomycetes

Numerous new taxa and classifications of Dothideomycetes have been published following the last monograph of families of Dothideomycetes in 2013.A recent publication by Honsanan et al.in 2020 expanded information of families in Dothideo-mycetidae and Pleosporomycetidae with modern classifications.In this paper,we provide a refined updated document on orders and families incertae sedis of Dothideomycetes.Each family is provided with an updated description,notes,including figures to represent the morphology,a list of accepted genera,and economic and ecological significances.We also provide phylogenetic trees for each order.In this study,31 orders which consist 50 families are assigned as orders incertae sedis in Dothideomycetes,and 41 families are treated as families incertae sedis due to lack of molecular or morphological evidence.The new order,Catinellales,and four new families,Catinellaceae,Morenoinaceae Neobuelliellaceae and Thyrinulaceae are introduced.Seven genera(Neobuelliella,Pseudomicrothyrium,Flagellostrigula,Swinscowia,Macroconstrictolumina,Pseudobogoriella,and Schummia)are introduced.Seven new species(Acrospermum urticae,Bogoriella complexoluminata,Dothiorella ostryae,Dyfrolomyces distoseptatus,Macroconstrictolumina megalateralis,Patellaria microspora,and Pseu-domicrothyrium thailandicum)are introduced base on morphology and phylogeny,together with two new records/reports and five new collections from different families.Ninety new combinations are also provided in this paper.