Neural differentiation of choroid plexus epithelial cells:role of human traumatic cerebrospinal fluid

As the key producer of cerebrospinal fluid（CSF）,the choroid plexus（CP） provides a unique protective system in the central nervous system.CSF components are not invariable and they can change based on the pathological conditions of the central nervous system.The purpose of the present study was to assess the effects of non-traumatic and traumatic CSF on the differentiation of multipotent stem-like cells of CP into the neural and/or glial cells.CP epithelial cells were isolated from adult male rats and treated with human non-traumatic and traumatic CSF.Alterations in m RNA expression of Nestin and microtubule-associated protein（MAP2）,as the specific markers of neurogenesis,and astrocyte marker glial fibrillary acidic protein（GFAP） in cultured CP epithelial cells were evaluated using quantitative real-time PCR.The data revealed that treatment with CSF（non-traumatic and traumatic） led to increase in m RNA expression levels of MAP2 and GFAP.Moreover,the expression of Nestin decreased in CP epithelial cells treated with non-traumatic CSF,while treatment with traumatic CSF significantly increased its m RNA level compared to the cells cultured only in DMEM/F12 as control.It seems that CP epithelial cells contain multipotent stem-like cells which are inducible under pathological conditions including exposure to traumatic CSF because of its compositions.

COVID-19-associated stroke risk:Could nutrition and dietary patterns have a contributing role?

The novel coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 has created a life-threatening world pandemic.Unfortunately,this disease can be worse in older patients or individuals with comorbidities,having dangerous consequences,including stroke.COVID-19–associated stroke widely increases the risk of death from COVID-19.In addition to the personal hygiene protocols and preventive policies,it has been proven that immune-compromised,oxidative,and pro-coagulant conditions make a person more susceptible to severe COVID-19 complications,such as stroke;one of the most effective and modifiable risk factors are poor nutritional status.Previous literature has shown that healthy dietary patterns,such as the Mediterranean diet,some food groups,and specific micronutrients,reduce the risk of ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke.In this work,for the first time,we hypothesized that a healthy diet could also be a protective/preventive factor against COVID-19–associated stroke risk.In order to prove this hypothesis,it is required to study nutritional intake and dietary patterns in patients suffering from COVID-19–associated stroke.If this hypothesis is proven,the chronic supportive role of a healthy diet in critical situations will be highlighted once again.

Cancerous cell viability affected by synergism between electric pulses and a low dose of silver nanoparticle:An adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system

In the current study,applying simultaneously electroporation and silver nanoparticles(SNPs)are considered.Moreover,one restriction normally assigned to such nanoparticles is their side effects on the vital organs of the body.To mitigate such deleterious effects,it is better to use lower dosages of them.However,this can result in a decline in the technique's effectiveness.To compensate for the lower dose of SNPs,one can use secondary method like electroporation to deliver SNPs directly into the cells and reinforces the effect of electric pulses due to the high electrical conductivity of SNPs while having a minimal cytotoxicity effect on normal cells that are not treated with electroporation.In the present study,synergism effects of both procedures(SNPs and electroporation)experimentally and theoretically are considered to investigate the property of each technique in increasing the performance with respect to both procedures'limitations.To investigate more,adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system(ANFIS)is used to predict the percent cell viability of cancerous cells affected by both procedures by considering amplitude and duration as inputs affecting on change of cell viability as an output.The results obtained from both experimental and simulation procedures showed that the maximum synergism between nanoparticles and electric pulses was recorded at 700V/cm strength and 100μs duration.Also,Results indicated high correlation between observed and predicted data(r2=0.88).Moreover,the calculated root mean square error for the results of the ANFIS model was equal to 1.1.This implies that the model has practical value and can estimate the percent cell viability of cancerous cells influenced by both procedures with varying electric field amplitude and duration.This method can be proposed for other biophysical or drug delivery applications to save time and resources by utilizing the previous experimental data rather than performing more experiments.

COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy worldwide and its associated factors:a systematic review and meta-analysis

IntroductionThe severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)pandemic has taken a toll on humans,and the development of effective vaccines has been a promising tool to end the pandemic.However,for a vaccination program to be successful,a considerable proportion of the community must be vaccinated.Hence,public acceptance of coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)vaccines has become the key to controlling the pandemic.Recent studies have shown vaccine hesitancy increasing over time.This systematic review aims to evaluate the COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy rate and related factors in different communities.MethodA comprehensive search was performed in MEDLINE(via PubMed),Scopus,and Web of Science from January 1,2019 to January 31,2022.All relevant descriptive and observational studies(cross-sectional and longitudinal)on vaccine hesitancy and acceptance were included in this systematic review.In the meta-analysis,odds ratio(OR)was used to assess the effects of population characteristics on vaccine hesitancy,and event rate(acceptance rate)was the effect measure for overall acceptance.Publication bias was assessed using the funnel plot,Egger's test,and trim-and-fill methods.ResultA total of 135 out of 6,417 studies were included after screening.A meta-analysis of 114 studies,including 849,911 participants,showed an overall acceptance rate of 63.1%.In addition,men,married individuals,educated people,those with a history of flu vaccination,those with higher income levels,those with comorbidities,and people living in urban areas were less hesitant.ConclusionIncreasing public awareness of the importance of COVID-19 vaccines in overcoming the pandemic is crucial.Being men,living in an urban region,being married or educated,having a history of influenza vaccination,having a higher level of income status,and having a history of comorbidities are associated with higher COVID-19 vaccine acceptance.