The spatial Least Significant Bit (LSB) steganography results in the alteration of the smooth characteristics between adjoining pixels of the raw image. The relation between the length of embedded message and the grad...The spatial Least Significant Bit (LSB) steganography results in the alteration of the smooth characteristics between adjoining pixels of the raw image. The relation between the length of embedded message and the gradient energy is theoretically analyzed, and then a steganalysis and detection method, named Gradient Energy-Flipping Rate (GEFR) detection is proposed. Based on the analysis of the variation of the gradient energy, which results from the LSB steganography in color and grayscale image, the secret message embedded in the target image is detected, and the length of the embedded message is estimated. The method is proved effective and accurate by simulation (detection rate reaches 0.01bit per pixel).展开更多
In this paper, the elastic modulus measuring of human cementum is studied. The average value of the elastic modulus measured from 100 specimens is E = 2.398 +/- 0.455 GPa. The specimens were made from incisors, canine...In this paper, the elastic modulus measuring of human cementum is studied. The average value of the elastic modulus measured from 100 specimens is E = 2.398 +/- 0.455 GPa. The specimens were made from incisors, canines, bicuspids, and molars. The testing was done on type AG-10TA electronic-mechanical universal material testing machine. It was verified by mathematical statistics that the probability distribution of measured data obeys normal distribution. By the great difference in elastic moduli between cementum and dentin it is explained that 1. why more cementum grows at the root apexes; 2. the behavior of cementum must be taken into consideration when the stress analysis for teeth is carried out.展开更多
文摘The spatial Least Significant Bit (LSB) steganography results in the alteration of the smooth characteristics between adjoining pixels of the raw image. The relation between the length of embedded message and the gradient energy is theoretically analyzed, and then a steganalysis and detection method, named Gradient Energy-Flipping Rate (GEFR) detection is proposed. Based on the analysis of the variation of the gradient energy, which results from the LSB steganography in color and grayscale image, the secret message embedded in the target image is detected, and the length of the embedded message is estimated. The method is proved effective and accurate by simulation (detection rate reaches 0.01bit per pixel).
文摘In this paper, the elastic modulus measuring of human cementum is studied. The average value of the elastic modulus measured from 100 specimens is E = 2.398 +/- 0.455 GPa. The specimens were made from incisors, canines, bicuspids, and molars. The testing was done on type AG-10TA electronic-mechanical universal material testing machine. It was verified by mathematical statistics that the probability distribution of measured data obeys normal distribution. By the great difference in elastic moduli between cementum and dentin it is explained that 1. why more cementum grows at the root apexes; 2. the behavior of cementum must be taken into consideration when the stress analysis for teeth is carried out.
