Role of Cannabinoid CB1 Receptor in Object Recognition Memory Impairment in Chronically Rapid Eye Movement Sleep-deprived Rats

Objective We aimed to investigate whether antagonism of the cannabinoid CB1 receptor(CB1R)could affect novel object recognition(NOR)memory in chronically rapid eye movement sleep-deprived(RSD)rats.Methods The animals were examined for recognition memory following a 7-day chronic partial RSD paradigm using the multiple platform technique.The CB1R antagonist rimonabant(1 or 3 mg/kg,i.p.)was administered either at one hour prior to the sample phase for acquisition,or immediately after the sample phase for consolidation,or at one hour before the test phase for retrieval of NOR memory.For the reconsolidation task,rimonabant was administered immediately after the second sample phase.Results The RSD episode impaired acquisition,consolidation,and retrieval,but it did not affect the reconsolidation of NOR memory.Rimonabant administration did not affect acquisition,consolidation,and reconsolidation;however,it attenuated impairment of the retrieval of NOR memory induced by chronic RSD.Conclusions These findings,along with our previous report,would seem to suggest that RSD may affect different phases of recognition memory based on its duration.Importantly,it seems that the CB1R may,at least in part,be involved in the adverse effects of chronic RSD on the retrieval,but not in the acquisition,consolidation,and reconsolidation,of NOR memory.

Anshen Babu Ointment Improves Sleep Function of Insomnia Mice and Its Mechanism

[Objectives]This study aimed to study the sleep-improving effect of Anshen Babu ointment on insomnia mice and its mechanism of action.[Methods]Mouse models of insomnia were established by p-chlorophenylalanine(PCPA)injection.They were given high,middle and low doses of Anshen Babu ointment,for 7 consecutive days,and then,the spontaneous activity of insomnia mice and the effect on hypnotic time and subthreshold hypnotic dose of pentobarbital sodium were observed,and the levels of 5-HT,IL-6 and TNF-α in the hippocampus of mice were determined.[Results]High and middle-dose Anshen Babu ointment significantly reduced the spontaneous activity of insomnia mice and shorten the hypnotic time of pentobarbital sodium;high and middle-dose Anshen Babu ointment increased the 5-HT content and inhibited the IL-6 and TNF-α expression in the hippocampus of mice.[Conclusions]Anshen Babu ointment has hypnotic and sedative effect on insomnia mice.The mechanism may be achieved by increasing 5-HT and reducing IL-6 and TNF-α levels.

儿童注意缺陷多动障碍夜间遗尿的风险因素研究（英文）

背景:儿童注意力缺陷多动障碍(attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,ADHD)的存在对其夜间遗尿(nocturnal enuresis,NE)的治疗不利;然而,较少有研究对ADHD患者的夜间遗尿的危险因素进行研究。目的:本研究旨在探讨儿童ADHD患者夜间遗尿的患病率及其危险因素。方法:研究对象为331名6-10岁的儿童,由儿少精神病学家根据DSM-IV-TR的诊断标准明确诊断ADHD。NE的诊断标准为年龄5岁以上,每周夜尿至少两次,持续3个月或更长时间,夜间不自主排尿,伴有或不伴有日间尿失禁,无任何神经系统症状和体征,无泌尿系统疾病。有关人口数据、围产期病史、既往病史的详细资料均从父母或医疗记录中收集的。结果:注意力缺陷亚型的ADHA患儿有77.5%伴发夜间遗尿症,而在多动/冲动亚型为31.7%、混合亚型为22.5%的(p<0.001, t=42.71)。在有遗尿症的患儿中,家族性尿失禁的发生率明显较高(26%比18%,p<0.001,t=16.9),剖腹产率(47%对33%,p=0.019, t=5.84),新生儿败血症史(16%与7%,p=0.018, t=5.62),高于非NE患儿。此外,有NE的患者的出生体重低于非NE患者(2.93(0.65)和3.09(0.46),p=0.026,t=2.51)。此外,父母低教育程度与NE的高发生率有关。结论:ADHD患儿的NE患病率较高。男性、父母低教育程度、新生儿败血症史、家族性尿失禁史、低出生体重和剖腹产都可能是ADHD患儿的NE患病的危险因素。大多数注意力缺陷亚型的患儿都伴发NE。

Effects of two types of exercise training on psychological well-being,sleep,quality of life and physical fitness in patients with high-grade glioma(WHO III and IV):study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

Background:There is existing evidence on whether and to what degree regular exercise training improves the quality of life(QoL)among cancer survivors.However,in regards to patients with high-grade glioma(HGG;WHO grade III and IV),no conclusive study has been performed so far.The present trial aims to fill this gap by examining whether psychological well-being,sleep,QoL and physical fitness might be improved with two different types of exercise,as compared to an active control condition.Active control condition represent individuals participating at regular meetings to talk about their current life situation,though,the meetings were not intended as that of the psychotherapy group.Regular meetings are of the same frequency,duration,and intensity as the exercise interventions.Methods:A total of 45 patients with HGG after undergoing neurosurgery and adjuvant radiotherapy,chemotherapy,or chemoradiotherapy will be consecutively and randomly assigned to(a)an endurance training,(b)a resistance training or(c)to an active control condition.The intervention will last for 6 consecutive weeks,consisting of 2 weekly sessions(30-45 min per session).Measurements would take place at three time points,namely at the beginning of the study(baseline),3 weeks after the beginning of the study,and 6 weeks after the beginning of the study.The last measurement also represents the end of the study.Aerobic exercise performance will be assessed objectively with a 6-min walking test,and a handgrip test will be used to assess the upper body strength.Further,participants will complete a battery of questionnaires covering sociodemographic information,QoL,sleep quality and sleep patterns,coping with stress,state-and trait-anxiety,depression,and fatigue.In parallel,experts will use the Hamilton Depres-sion Rating Scale to determine and rate participants’symptoms of depression.Significance:The present study will be the first to investigate and compare the impact of two different exercise modalities,namely endurance and resistance training,on physical fitness and dimensions of well-being,and sleep among patients with HGG who underwent neurosurgery followed by adjuvant radiotherapy,chemotherapy,or chemoradiotherapy.Importantly,unlike the majority of previous studies,the control condition consists of an active set-up to detect possible factual beneficial effects of exercise training,irrespective of social interactions.

Global prevalence of drug-resistant tuberculosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Background Tuberculosis is a bacterial infectious disease,which affects different parts of a human body,mainly lungs and can lead to the patient’s death.The aim of this study is to investigate the global prevalence of drug-resistant tuberculosis using a systematic review and meta-analysis.Methods In this study,the PubMed,Scopus,Web of Science,Embase,ScienceDirect and Google Scholar repositories were systematically searched to find studies reporting the global prevalence of drug-resistant tuberculosis.The search did not entail a lower time limit,and articles published up until August 2022 were considered.Random effects model was used to perform the analysis.The heterogeneity of the studies was examined with the I^(2) test.Data analysis was conducted within the Comprehensive Meta-Analysis software.Results In the review of 148 studies with a sample size of 318,430 people,the I^(2) index showed high heterogeneity(I^(2)=99.6),and accordingly random effects method was used to analyze the results.Publication bias was also examined using the Begg and Mazumdar correlation test which indicated the existence of publication bias in the studies(P=0.008).According to our meta-analysis,the global pooled prevalence of multi-drug resistant TB is 11.6%(95%CI:9.1–14.5%).Conclusions The global prevalence of drug-resistant tuberculosis was found to be very high,thus health authorities should consider ways to control and manage the disease to prevent a wider spread of tuberculosis and potentially subsequent deaths.