Intra-Atomic Gravitational Shielding (Lensing), Nuclear Forces and Radioactivity

The discovery by the author of real magnetic charges and true anti-electrons in the atomic structures allowed him to establish that the gravitational field (GF) in reality is the vortex electromagnetic field. Depending on the vector conditions the gravitational fields can be either paragravitational (PGF) or ferrogravitational (FGF). Masses (atoms, nucleons, etc.) emitting PGF manifest so-called attraction to each other. In fact, this process is the pressing of atoms or nucleons to each other by the forces of gravitational “Dark energy”. Namely the gravitational “Dark energy” which is formed between the masses emitting PGF and compressing of nucleons in atomic nuclei is the main force factor determining the formation of nuclear forces. Masses that emit FGF are repelled from PGF sources, for example, from the Earth. The last gravitational manifestation, discovered by the author, this is of the effect of the gravitational levitation. The atomic shell and atomic nucleus are autonomous sources of gravitational field in atomic compositions. The gravitational fields emitted these sources, by its physical parameters, are different gravitational fields, what associated with differences in the magnitudes charges of magnetic and electric particles in their compositions. The noted differences in the parameters of the GF are of reason that in atoms the process of extrusion of foreign gravitational field from the region of given gravitational source is realized. This effect should be called the effect of intra-atomic gravitational shielding (IAGS). Within the framework of this effect the shell of the atom is a kind of gravitational “insulator” that prevents the PGF of the nucleons from leaving beyond of the atom. As result of the IAGS effect, the concentration PGF of nucleons is realized only in the region of the nucleus, which leads to an increase in nuclear forces. However, the resistance of the marked “insulator” is finite and if the critical voltage PGF on the nucleus is exceeded, the complete shielding of the nucleon fields by the atomic shell is broken. As result of the leakage of a part of the PGF of nucleons beyond the atom, the density of this field in the region of the nucleus decreases significantly, which leads to a weakening of the nuclear forces and often leads to radioactivity. The effect of gravitational shielding is directly related to such a well-known concept as the mass defect of the nucleus. It is the exclusion of the gravitational field formed by the nucleons in the composition of the atomic nucleus as a result of the full IAGS effect that creates the illusion of atomic mass defect.

Magnetic and Electric Charges in Physics and Technology of Electromagnetic and Magnetoelectric Induction

Experimental and theoretical researches performed by the author (period: 1969-present) showed that magnetic spinor particles (magnetic charges) are real structural components of atoms and substance and immediate sources of all magnetic fields and magnetic manifestations in Nature. Magnetic charges, that constitute together with electrical charges atomic shells got of title: magnetons and antimagnetons (respectively with charges g−and g+ under fundamental condition: g = e). Furthermore, in addition to participating in structures of atomic shells, the magnetic charges exist in potential and even in real zones conduction of solids. The magnetic and electric spinor particles in atoms and substance exist in form such of the spinor associations as the magnetic and electric bispinors. Under influence of external magnetic field in conductor being implemented polarization of magnetic bispinors with formation of magnetic dipoles. Internal fields magnetic dipoles is directed against an external magnetic field and is a simple explanation of such a physical manifestation as diamagnetism. During the rotation of these dipoles in the conductor are formed of the vortex magnetic dipole fields, which and create an electromotive force, i.e. are responsible for the electromagnetic induction. Author proposed new magneto-electric technology called the magnetoelectric induction, as the result of which the permanent current of magnetic charges is created. However, such currents may be implemented solely in the superconductors. In the article presented the main reasons which more hundred year old hinder recognition and technical use of the real magnetic charges and their currents what considerably slow down the global scientific and technological progress.

Nuclear Physics with Magnetic Charges

The magnetic spinor particles (magnetic charges) are the real structural components all varieties of the Mass, for example, atoms, nucleons, positrons and neutrinos. Atomic-shaped device of Mass is the natural and the only possible organization of electric and magnetic charges which can create a gravitational field. At level of a popular language one can define nucleons as “small atoms”, and positron and neutrino as “very small atoms”. The electric and magnetic fundamental particles in neutron and proton shells which by tradition should be called quarks have charges of smaller magnitude than the charges of particles in atomic shells. Positron which participates in the gravitational interaction and, consequently, has an atomic-shaped device is the most likely candidate for the role of the proton nucleus. The most likely candidate particles on the participation in nuclei of proton and neutron as well as in nuclei of the positron and neutrino are presented in the article. So-called abnormal magnetic moment of neutron is formed by the quark magnetic dipoles which are like to unpaired electrons in the so-called magnetic atoms rotate on the outer orbitals of the neutron shell. The participation of the “magnetic electron” (magneton) in the neutrino core assumes the existence of the so-called anomalous magnetic moment and in the neutrino shell. The existence of real magnetic charges in the structures of the Mass draws our attention on such important problem as interaction between charges in the framework of electromagnetic dipoles such as and in which manifest the weak attraction. Weak interaction by its nature is electromagnetic. So-called electromagnetic interaction, manifested in pairs of homogeneous charges of opposite signs, is either electric or magnetic, but not electromagnetic. The explanation of the weak interaction in the marked pairs of charges is based on the author’s concept of the World Physical Triad and “Dark Energy”. Forces responsible for the interaction of the charges composing the electromagnetic dipoles correspond, conditionally of the weak charges of the particles which what assume mutual suppression of the influence of their fields on the Energo-medium and the formation of the weak “Dark energy”. Complex of magnetic particles, the quark magnetic dipoles and magneton by means of which the interconversion of a proton and a neutron is realized and maintained their constant number in the atomic nuclei can be called as magnetic meson. Namely, a processes of interconversion between a neutron and a proton which, as a rule, are not accompanied by secretions, created the illusion of neutron stability in atomic nuclei. The energy created by an exchange of magnetic mesons between neutron and proton can be a component of nuclear forces (strong interaction). Another effective and, most likely, the main component in the composition of the nuclear forces is the gravitational “Dark Energy”. Physics and structure of neutrinos presented in the paper suggest that the nature of these particles closer to the ideology of E. Majorana than P. Dirac’s.

Real Magnetic Poles (Magnetic Charges) in the Physics of Magnetism, Gravitation and Levitation

Experiments executed by author of the present article (period 1968-1992) showed that the magnetic spinorial particles (magnetic charges) are real structural components of atoms and substance and are immediate sources of all magnetic fields in Nature. Joint orbital currents of electric and magnetic charges within atomic shells are the natural sources of gravitational field which is a vortical electromagnetic field. The vector nature of the gravitational field, in essence, is analogous to the vortical magnetic field that allows entering in the physical representations of such States of the gravitational field as paragravitation and ferrogravitation. Physical masses (atoms, substance, etc.), which emit ferrogravitational field, are repelled by sources paragravitational field, for example, from Earth. It is a manifestation of the effect of levitation, which was discovered by the author of this article. The forces of the technical levitation, which are formed by technical ferrogravitational fields, can be used in transport, lifting and space technology, energy and many other areas of human activity. The main reason that the real magnetic charges were “buried alive” in modern theoretical physics is the conditions of their confinement in the structures of atoms and substance, which is radically different from the confinement of electrons. Very negative role is played here by erroneous electromagnetic concept Maxwell, in which the magnetic field was officially deprived of their own source: magnetic pole or magnetic charge.

“Electrical” and “Magnetic” Worlds in Universe

Magnetic spinor particles (magnetic charges), which are the direct sources of all magnetic fields and magnetic manifestations in Nature, were experimentally discovered by the author in the structures of atoms and substance. The main reasons that the real magnetic charges were “buried alive” in modern theoretical concepts are the Physics their of confinement in the structures of substance, which is cardinally different from the confinement of electrons, as well as electromagnetic concept of Maxwell, in which magnetic field was erroneously deprived of its own source, i.е. of magnetic pole or magnetic charge. Magnetic and electric charges form atomic shells, which are electromagnetic, and not electronic, as is commonly assumed in the existing physical theory. Namely, the magnetic and electric charges in the joint physical processes form all the varieties of the physical mass, i.е. atoms, nucleons, substance and others. The main feature of physical mass is its ability to radiate gravitational field, which in reality is of the vortex electromagnetic field. The immediate sources of gravitational field are joint orbital currents of electric and magnetic charges in compositions of atomic shells. In 2008 the author for the first time introduced the concepts of “electric” and “magnetic” worlds. So, in the “magnetic” world the processes of condensing all elementary varieties of physical mass: atoms, nucleons and others are initiated not by electric charges as in our “electric” world, but by means of magnetic charges. Electric and magnetic charges in the compositions of physical mass, in differently charged worlds are changing their functional roles and, for example, detect electrons in the “magnetic” world also difficult as the magnetic charges in our of “electric” world. According to conceptions of the author and in our Universe existence of both “electric” so and “magnetic” masses, including charged differently of biological masses is quite possible. It is impossible to exclude and the existence of otherwise “charged” living organisms and even “electrical” and “magnetic” anthropoid beings. The latter allows to assume perhaps the existence of the differently “charged” civilizations and in our Universe.

Dirac’s “Holes” Are the True Antielectrons and Real Particles of Antimatter

Experimental and theoretical studies performed by the author showed that electric and magnetic spinor particles as spinors, i.e. particles of Matter so and Antispinors, particles of Antimatter, are structural components of atoms and substance. Together with electric spinors, for example, electrons in the structures of atoms and substances in same quantities, there are real electric anti-spinors, i.e. the true antielectrons, which are not to be confused with electronic vacancies or positrons. Atomic-shaped electromagnetic structures, consisting of electric and magnetic spinor particles, such as nucleons and atoms, represent a Physical Mass. A characteristic property of all varieties of Physical Mass is the ability to emit a gravitational field which is a vortex electromagnetic field. Sources of the gravitational field are joint orbital currents of electric and magnetic charges in the compositions of atomic or nucleon shells. The main reason that the real antielectrons turned out in the Physical sciences under the guise of Dirac’s “holes” or vacancies of electrons, is the Physics of the confinement of these particles in atoms and a substance that is fundamentally different from the confinement of electrons. So, namely Physics confinement of the magnetic spinor particles and electric antispinors in atoms is the main “culprit” creating a fallacious concept of purely electronic atomic shells. The main contributions to the formation of the above-mentioned misconceptions did as J. C. Maxwell with its primitive-surface electromagnetic concept so and P. Dirac, with his erroneous theory of electronic vacancies or “holes”.

Real Magnetic Charges in the Substance, Ferrogravitation and Technical Levitation

Experimental and theoretical investigations by author of the present article (period: 1968-2013) have shown that the magnetic spinor particles (magnetic charges) are real structural components of atoms and substance and are immediate sources of all magnetic fields in Nature. Joint orbital currents of electric and magnetic charges within atomic shells are the natural sources of gravitational field which is a vortex electromagnetic field. The vector character of the elementary gravitational field is similar to the vortex magnetic field that allows entering in the submission of such fundamental states of the gravitational field, as a paragravitation and ferrogravitation. Physical masses (atoms, nucleons, substance, etc.), which emit ferrogravitational field are repelled off from sources paragravitational field, for example, from Earth. It is a manifestation of the effect of levitation, which was discovered by the author of this article. Technical forces levitation, that induced by technical ferrogravitational fields, could be used in transport, lifting and space technology, power engineering and many other areas of human activity. The main reasons that real magnetic charges are “buried alive” in modern theoretical notions are as physics their of confinement in the structures of atoms and substance which are radically different from the confinement of electrons so and fallacious electromagnetic concept Maxwell in which the magnetic field is by mistake deprived of its own source of the magnetic pole or of the magnetic charge.

The Experiments Detecting of Real Magnetic Charges in Structures of Atoms and Substance

Magnetic neutron scattering in Y-type hexagonal ferrite crystals, studied by the author in 1968-1971 and presented in the article showed that the entire density of the so-called magnetic moments of Fe3+ ions can significantly shift from the position of their nuclei. As result of these shift the structure in form of the chain magnetic spiral is realized in ferrite lattice. The noted shifts of the “magnetic moments” served as the basis for the author’s assumption that these “moments” are “fig sheets” behind which the magnetic poles (magnetic charges) real existing in the shells of atoms are hidden. In this case, the scattering of neutrons is carried out by magnetic charges, and not theoretical surrogates in the form of magnetic moments. In addition to participating in atomic structures, magnetic charges populate potential conduction zones in conductors, where they are exist in compositions of magnetic dipoles. Under the influence of an external magnetic field, a polarization of magnetic dipoles is realized in the conductor, the field strengths of which are directed against the external magnetic field. It is these dipole magnetic fields that are responsible for such a well-known physical phenomenon as diamagnetism. Under the conditions of noted polarization of magnetic dipoles the author managed to perform mechanical separation of magnetic charges in pairs ±g and to charge experienced bodies (metal plates) by the magnetic charges of one sign. The fact of such a charging was detected through magnetostatic interaction between magnetic charges on the plates using highly sensitive torsion balances. This experiment is presented in detail in this article. The results of these experiments, as well as subsequent experimental and theoretical studies of the author, which, in general composition, were carried out from 1968 to the present, showed that magnetic charges are real structural components of the atoms and substance. So, for example, the atomic shells are not electronic but electromagnetic. The main reason that real magnetic charges were “buried alive” in the existing physical theories is the physics of their confinement in substance forces of which, in its rigidity, is many times greater than the electron confinement forces.

The World Physical Triad: Matter, Antimatter and “Dark Energy” in the Processes of Climatic Changes on the Earth

The opening and many years of research of magnetic spinor particles (real magnetic charges) in atoms and substance have enabled the author to formulate the conception of the Physical Triad, according which the real World consists of three fundamental phases: Matter, Antimatter and Energo-phase (Energo-medium). Particles of Matter are called spinors and particles of Antimatter are called antispinors. Energo-medium is a gasiform phase of high density that fills by himself all the infinite space of the real World. It consists of spinless and massless particles-energions. Spinor fields can be both flows energions (fields of Matter), so and anti-flow energions (fields of Antimatter). Atomic-shaped structures consisting of electric and magnetic spinor particles represent a Physical Mass (atoms, nucleons, etc.). The main characteristic of all varieties of Mass is its ability radiate gravitational field, which is a vortex electromagnetic field. All spinor particles are massless so as individually generate a gravitational field they can’t. All primary forces in the real World are implemented by means of Energo-medium, i.e. contact pressure its particles—energions. The spinor fields, including the gravitational field, myself the real of the power significance, have not. They are only intermediaries, inducing in Energo-medium its active (power) education, which is called “Dark Energy”. “Dark Energy” can be both positive, so and negative. Namely, a positive “Dark Energy”, which is associated with the technical activity of man, is responsible for stable climatic changes on Earth. Greenhouse gases are not the main “culprit” of climatic changes on our planet. However, these gases are the simplest indicator of the overall level of irreversible physical processes that stimulate the growth of the positive “Dark Energy” and are responsible for the negative thermal scenario on Earth.

Electromagnetic Shells of Atoms and the Periodic System of Elements

Experimental and theoretical researches performed by the author (period: 1969-present) showed that the magnetic spinor particles (magnetic charges) are real structural components of atoms and substance and are immediate sources of all mag-netic fields and magnetic manifestations in Nature. Magnetic charges, which constitute together with electrical charges the atomic shells, got of the Author’s title: magnetons and antimagnetons (respectively, with magnetic charges g− and g+, under fundamental condition: g = e). Besides, together with electrons and magnetic charges in the structures of atomic shells, in the same quantities as the electrons, exist real electric antispinors, i.e. the true antielectrons. In the structures of the atomic shells on each electron fitted still three a real spinor particles: two magnetic (magneton and antimagneton) and one electric, i.e. true antielectron with a charge of e+. The spinor particles in atomic shells exist in the form of the two spinor associations: the electromagnetic dibispinors or S-Gravitons and magnetic bispinors (spinorial magnetic dipoles). Magnetic bispinors, which inhabited on the 3d and 4f-shells are the sources of the atomic magnetic fields and are responsible at all magnetic manifestations of the so-called magnetic atoms (iron, nickel, cobalt and others). In composition of S-Graviton is two related bispinor (electric and magnetic). S-Gravitons make up bulk of the charged density of atomic shells and are direct sources of the atomic gravitational field.If to replace all electrons on known of the atomic levels and sub-levels on S-Gravitons, can get an idea about the real electromagnetic device atomic shells most of the elements making up the Periodic Table. In article shows features the structural organization real (electromagnetic) shells of atoms that make up the periodic system of elements, as well as is considered the possibility of adaptation of the well-known quantum numbers, the Pauli’s principle and Hund’s rule, in relation to the atomic electromagnetic device. The main reasons for the fact that the real magnetic charges, as well as the true antielectrons, were “buried alive” in the modern theories are as physics confinement them in atoms and substance, which is cardinally different from the confinement, for example, electrons, so and vicious electromagnetic concept of Maxwell. In the framework of this concept really existing in atoms and substance the magnetic charges, have been mistakenly substituted on acts of the mechanical displacement of electrical charges.

Enhanced efficiency and stability in Sn-based perovskite solar cells with secondary crystallization growth

The conversion efficiencies reported for Tin(Sn)halide-based perovskite solar cells(PSCs)fall a large gap behind those of lead halide-based PSCs,mainly because of poor film quality of the former.Here we report an efficient strategy based on a simple secondary crystallization growth(SCG)technique to improve film quality for tin halide-based PSCs by applying a series of functional amine chlorides on the perovskite surface.They were discovered to enhance the film crystallinity and suppress the oxidation of Sn^(2+)remarkably,hence reduce trap state density and non-irradiative recombination in the absorber films.Furthermore,the SCG film holds the band levels matching better with carrier transport layers and herein favoring charge extraction at the device interfaces.Consequently,a champion device efficiency of 8.07% was achieved alo ng with significant enhancements in VOC and JSC,in contrast to 5.35% of the control device value.Moreover,the SCG film-based devices also exhibit superior stability comparing with the control one.This work explicitly paves a novel and general strategy for developing high performance lead-free PSCs.

Localization of Charge Carriers in Monolayer Graphene Gradually Disordered by Ion Irradiation

Gradual localization of charge carriers is studied in a series of microsize samples of monolayer graphene fabricated on the common large scale film and irradiated by different doses of C+ ions with energy 35 keV. Measurements of the temperature dependence of conductivity and magneto-resistance in fields up to 4 T show that at low disorder, the samples are in the regime of weak localization and antilocalization. Further increase of disorder leads to strong localization regime, when conductivity is described by the variable-range-hopping (VRH) mechanism. A crossover from the Mott regime to the Efros-Shklovskii regime of VRH is observed with decreasing temperature. Theoretical analysis of conductivity in both regimes shows a remarkably good agreement with experimental data.

Motion of charged particles in bright squeezed vacuum

The motion of laser-driven electrons quivers with an average energy termed pondermotive energy.We explore electron dynamics driven by bright squeezed vacuum(BSV),finding that BSV induces width oscillations,akin to electron quivering in laser light,with an equivalent ponderomotive energy.We identify closed and open trajectories of the electronic width that are associated with high harmonic generation and above-threshold ionization,respectively,similarly to trajectories of the electron position when its motion is driven by coherent light.In the case of bound electrons,the width oscillations may lead to ionization with noisy sub-cycle structure.Our results are foundational for strong-field and free-electron quantum optics,as they shed light on ionization,high harmonic generation,and nonlinear Compton scattering in BSV.

Cavity continuum

We experimentally demonstrate and numerically analyze large arrays of whispering gallery resonators.Using fluorescent mapping,we measure the spatial distribution of the cavity ensemble’s resonances,revealing that light reaches distant resonators in various ways,including while passing through dark gaps,resonator groups,or resonator lines.Energy spatially decays exponentially in the cavities.Our practically infinite periodic array of resonators,with a quality factor(Q)exceeding 107,might impact a new type of photonic ensembles for nonlinear optics and lasers using our cavity continuum that is distributed,while having high-Q resonators as unit cells.

Free-electron crystals for enhanced X-ray radiation

Bremsstrahlung—the spontaneous emission of broadband radiation from free electrons that are deflected by atomic nuclei—contributes to the majority of X-rays emitted from X-ray tubes and used in applications ranging from medical imaging to semiconductor chip inspection.Here,we show that the bremsstrahlung intensity can be enhanced significantly—by more than three orders of magnitude—through shaping the electron wavefunction to periodically overlap with atoms in crystalline materials.Furthermore,we show how to shape the bremsstrahlung X-ray emission pattern into arbitrary angular emission profiles for purposes such as unidirectionality and multi-directionality.Importantly,we find that these enhancements and shaped emission profiles cannot be attributed solely to the spatial overlap between the electron probability distribution and the atomic centers,as predicted by the paraxial and nonrecoil theory for free electron light emission.Our work highlights an unprecedented regime of free electron light emission where electron waveshaping provides multi-dimensional control over practical radiation processes like bremsstrahlung.Our results pave the way towards greater versatility in table-top X-ray sources and improved fundamental understanding of quantum electron-light interactions.

Free-electron interactions with van der Waals heterostructures: a source of focused X-ray radiation

The science and technology of X-ray optics have come far,enabling the focusing of X-rays for applications in highresolution X-ray spectroscopy,imaging,and irradiation.In spite of this,many forms of tailoring waves that had substantial impact on applications in the optical regime have remained out of reach in the X-ray regime.This disparity fundamentally arises from the tendency of refractive indices of all materials to approach unity at high frequencies,making X-ray-optical components such as lenses and mirrors much harder to create and often less effcient.Here,we propose a new concept for X-ray focusing based on inducing a curved wavefront into the X-ray generation process,resulting in the intrinsic focusing of X-ray waves.This concept can be seen as effectively integrating the optics to be part of the emission mechanism,thus bypassing the effciency limits imposed by X-ray optical components,enabling the creation of nanobeams with nanoscale focal spot sizes and micrometer-scale focal lengths.Specifically,we implement this concept by designing aperiodic vdw heterostructures that shape X-rays when driven by free electrons.The parameters of the focused hotspot,such as lateral size and focal depth,are tunable as a function of an interlayer spacing chirp and electron energy.Looking forward,ongoing advances in the creation of many-layer vdw heterostructures open unprecedented horizons of focusing and arbitrary shaping of X-ray nanobeams.

Photonic Floquet topological insulators in a fractal lattice

We present Floquet fractal topological insulators:photonic topological insulators in a fractal-dimensional lattice consisting of helical waveguides.The helical modulation induces an artificial gauge field and leads to a trivial-totopological phase transition.The quasi-energy spectrum shows the existence of topological edge states corresponding to real-space Chern number 1.We study the propagation of light along the outer edges of the fractal lattice and find that wavepackets move along the edges without penetrating into the bulk or backscattering even in the presence of disorder.In a similar vein,we find that the inner edges of the fractal lattice also exhibit robust transport when the fractal is of sufficiently high generation.Finally,we find topological edge states that span the circumference of a hybrid half-fractal,half-honeycomb lattice,passing from the edge of the honeycomb lattice to the edge of the fractal structure virtually without scattering,despite the transition from two dimensions to a fractal dimension.Our system offers a realizable experimental platform to study topological fractals and provides new directions for exploring topological physics.

Highlighting photonics: looking into the next decade

Let there be light-to change the world we want to be!Over the past several decades,and ever since the birth of the first laser,mankind has witnessed the development of the science of light,as light-based technologies have revolutionarily changed our lives.Needless to say,photonics has now penetrated into many aspects of science and technology,turning into an important and dynamically changing field of increasing interdisciplinary interest.In this inaugural issue of eLight,we highlight a few emerging trends in photonics that we think are likely to have major impact at least in the upcoming decade,spanning from integrated quantum photonics and quantum computing,through topological/non-Hermitian photonics and topological insulator lasers,to AI-empowered nanophotonics and photonic machine learning.This Perspective is by no means an attempt to summarize all the latest advances in photonics,yet we wish our subjective vision could fuel inspiration and foster excitement in scientific research especially for young researchers who love the science of light.

Generalized laws of refraction and reflection at interfaces between different photonic artificial gauge fields

Artificial gauge fields the control over the dynamics of uncharged particles by engineering the potential landscape such that the particles behave as if effective external fields are acting on them.Recent years have witnessed a growing interest in artificial gauge fields generated either by the geometry or by time-dependent modulation,as they have been enablers of topological phenomena and synthetic dimensions in many physical settings,e.g.,photonics,cold atoms,and acoustic waves.Here,we formulate and experimentally demonstrate the generalized laws of refraction and reflection at an interface between two regions with different artificial gauge fields.We use the symmetries in the system to obtain the generalized Snell law for such a gauge interface and solve for reflection and transmission.We identify total internal reflection(TIR)and complete transmission and demonstrate the concept in experiments.In addition,we calculate the artificial magnetic flux at the interface of two regions with different artificial gauge fields and present a method to concatenate several gauge interfaces.As an example,we propose a scheme to make a gauge imaging system-a device that can reconstruct(image)the shape of an arbitrary wavepacket launched from a certain position to a predesigned location.