GIS-Based Red Soil Resources Classification andEvaluation

A small scale red soil resources information system (RSRIS) with applied mathematical models wasdeveloped and applied in red soil resources (RSR) classification and evaluation, taking Zhejiang Province,a typical distribution area of red soil, as the study area. Computer-aided overlay was conducted to classifyRSR types. The evaluation was carried out by using three methods, i.e., index summation, square root ofindex multiplication and fuzzy comprehensive assessment, with almost identical results. The result of indexsummation could represent the basic qualitative condition of RSR, that of square root of index multiplicationreflected the real condition of RSR qualitative rank, while fuzzy comprehensive assessment could satisfactorilyhandle the relationship between the evaluation factors and the qualitative rank of RSR, and therefore it is afeasible method for RSR evaluation.

Comparative Study on Characteristics of P Fixation by Mn, Fe and Al

An experiment was conducted to examine the role of Mn in P fixation through comparing with Al and Fe. Hydroxides and oxides of Al, Fe and Mn were prepared in lab under opened and closed conditions to react with phosphate. The newly formed Mn hydroxide showed the strongest P-fixing abilityl even several times higher than Fe hydroxide, but became the lowest rapidly due to ageing when exposed to air. Mn oxide showed the lowest p-fixing ability. Therefore, a sound consideration on P fixation should be based on both quantities and p-fixing abilities of the compounds of Fe, Al and Mn. The importance of Mn on P availability should receive more attention especially under oxidation-reduction dynamic conditions.

Environmental Correlates of Distribution of the 25 Broad-leaved Tree Species Indigenous to Guangdong Province,China

Twenty-five tree species indigenous to Guangdong Province were chosen in this study to portray their distribution patterns in relation to environmental factors. Both data of species distribution and environmental factors were tabulated based on a digitized map of Guangdong Province gridded at 0.5° latitude × 0.5° longitude. Grid-based diversity was mapped using DMAP, a distribution mapping program, and horizontal patterns were assessed using Kruskal-Wallis tests. The diversity center of the indige- nous tree species under study is located north of 23° N. These tree species exhibit significant latitudinal variation (P = 0.007 4), but no significant longitudinal difference (P = 0.052 2). Non-metric Multidimensional Scaling (NMS) identified five different ecological species groups, while Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) showed the distribution of tree species along each of the five envi- ronmental gradients. An understanding of the environmental correlates of distribution patterns has great implication for the introduc- tion of the indigenous tree species for afforestation.

Expression of ORF2 partial gene of hepatitis E virus in tomatoes and immunoactivity of expression products

AIM: To transfer hepatitis E virus (HEV) ORF2 partial gene to tomato plants, to investigate its expression in transformants and the immunoactivity of expression products, and to explore the feasibility of developing a new type of plantderived HEV oral vaccine.METHODS: Plant binary expression vector p1301E2,carrying a fragment of HEV open reading frame-2 (named HEV-E2), was constructed by linking the fragment to a constitutive CaMV35s promoter and nos terminator, then directly introduced into Agrobacterium tumefaciens EHA105. With leaf-disc method, tomato plants medicated by EHA105 were transformed and hygromycin-resistant plantlets were obtained in selective medium containing hygromycin. The presence and integration of foreign DNA in transgenic tomato genome were confirmed by Gus gene expression, PCR amplification and Southern dot blotting.The immunoactivity of recombinant protein extracted from transformed plants was examined by enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA) using a monoclonal antibody specifically against HEV. ELISA was also used to estimate the recombinant protein content in leaves and fruits of the transformants.RESULTS: Seven positive lines of HEV-E2-transgenic tomato plants confirmed by PCR and Southern blotting were obtained and the immunoactivity of recombinant protein could be detected in extracts of transformants. The expression levels of recombinant protein were 61.22 ng/g fresh weight in fruits and 6.37-47.9 ng/g fresh weight in leaves of the transformants.CONCLUSION: HEV-E2 gene was correctly expressed in transgenic tomatoes and the recombinant antigen derived from them has normal immunoactivity. Transgenic tomatoes may hold a good promise for producing a new type of lowcost oral vaccine for hepatitis E virus.

Effects of Soil pH，Texture，Moisture，Organic Matter and Cadmium Contenton Cadmium Diffusion Coefficient

The supply of cadmium from soil to plant roots mainly depends on the diffusion process. This work was conducted tostudy the effect of some soil properties on cadmium diffusion coefficient (D) in soil. Measurements were made using the Shofield and Graham-Bryce's isotopic labelling method. Cadmium diffusion coefficients varied from 10￣(-7) to 10￣(-9) cm￣2s￣(-1),Higher values were observed in acid sandy soils and lower values in calcareous clay soils. Liming an acid soil resulted in a sub-stantial decrease of D. Addition of cadmium as nitrate salt generally increased D, while addition of sewage sludge and organ-ic matter resulted in a significant decrease of cadmium diffusion. The rhizospheric activity also induced a moderate reduction in D. The relationships between D 10￣(-9)cm￣2s￣(-1)) on the one hand and soil PH, moisture (Mc, g kg￣(-1)), organic matter (OM, gkg￣1 ), clay (Cy, g kg￣(-1)) and cadmium content (Cd, mg kg￣(-1)) on the other were obtained by the multigle regression:D=182. 1-29.g1 pH+0.210Mc-0.303OM+0.011Cy+1.64Cd (R￣2=0.859,n=22 ).

Effects of Multiple Soil Conditioners on a Mine Site Acid Sulfate Soil for Vetiver Growth

A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of various soil treatments on the growth of vetiver grass ( Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) Nash) with the objective of formulating appropriate soil media for use in sulfide-bearing mined areas. An acidic mine site acid sulfate soil (pH 2.8) was treated with different soil conditioner formula including hydrated lime, red mud (bauxite residues), zeolitic rock powder, biosolids and a compound fertilizer. Soils treated with red mud and hydrated lime corrected soil acidity and reduced or eliminated metal toxicity enabling the establishment of vetiver grass.Although over-liming affected growth, some seedlings of vetiver survived the initial strong alkaline conditions. Addition of appropriate amounts of zeolitic rock powder also enhanced growth, but over-application caused detrimental effects. In this experiment, soil medium with the best growth performance of vetiver was 50 g of red mud, 10 g of lime, 30 g of zeolitic rock powder and 30 g of biosolids with 2000 g of mine soils (100% survival rate with the greatest biomass and number of new shoots), but adding a chemical fertilizer to this media adversely impacted plant growth. In addition, a high application rate of biosolids resulted in poorer growth of vetiver, compared to a moderate application rate.

New emergy indices for sustainable development

The emergy indices for the evaluation of system's sustainable development ability were studied. Results indicated that the emergy indices are simplified and merged, and a new emergy index for sustainable development(EISD) is deduced. Employing EISD, two cases are conducted. The first one is to compare three different dike pond agro ecological engineering modes, which are: melon melon cabbage four domestic fishes(mode Ⅰ), melon melon cabbage pig four domestic fishes (mode Ⅱ) and melon melon cabbage pig four domestic fishes combined with Siniperca chuatsi B. ( mode Ⅲ). The result is that the EISD of mode Ⅰ is 0.53. ModeⅡ's EISD is 5.26 times of mode Ⅰ, and mode Ⅲ's EISD is 6.83 times of mode Ⅰ. The second one is to evaluate the development of Zhongshan City, Pearl Delta, during 1996 to 2000. The result indicated that the EISD of Zhongshan had appreciably declined from 1996 to 1998, and quickly improved from 1998 to 2000, partly because of its environment protection and product construction. Both of the two cases studies showed that EISD can assessment the sustainable development ability more roundly, with the consideration of environmental impact and social\|economic effect at the same time.

Cloning and Expression Analysis of an XET cDNA in the Peel and Pulp of Banana Fruit Ripening and Softening

Xyloglucan endotransglycosylase (XET) is thought to be involved in fruit softening throughdisassembly of xyloglucan, which is the predominant hemicellulose of cell wall. To study the relationshipbetween fruit softening and XET during banana (Musa acuminata Colla cv. Grand Nain) fruit ripening, a fulllength cDNA (1 095 bp) encoding an XET, MA-XET1, was isolated from ripening banana fruit using RT-PCRand RACE-PCR (rapid amplification of cDNA ends) methods. Sequence analysis showed that the cDNAcontains 5' untranslated region of 66 bp, 3' untranslated region of 189 bp and ORF of 840 bp, encoding apredicted polypeptide of 280 amino acids, including DE|DFEFL motif, which is a presumptive catalyticdomain conserved in XETs. DNA gel blot analysis demonstrated that MA-XET1 is encoded by a multi-copyfamily in the banana genome. RNA gel blot analysis revealed that the level of MA-XET1 transcript in thepulp was undetectable, increased and decreased slightly at the preclimacteric, climacteric and postclimactericstages, respectively. In the peel, accumulation of MA-XET1 transcript was low, increased dramatically andthen decreased rapidly, at preclimacteric, climacteric and postclimacteric stages, respectively. Treatmentof fruit with propylene, an analog of ethylene, decreased the firmness and enhanced the accumulation ofMA-XET1 transcript in the peel and pulp. These results suggest that MA-XET1 is involved in softening ofthe peel and pulp during banana fruit ripening and its expression is regulated by ethylene at transcriptionallevel.

Effect of Fertilization on Tomato Bacterial Wilt Biocontrolling and Soil Health Restoration Using FAME Analysis

The effect of applying biological organic fertilizer(BOF)on bacterial wilt incidence of tomato and soil microbial community under continuous cropping was studied. The results showed that all the tomatoes were infected by bacterial wilt in the control. The infection rates of tomatoes in the treatments with un-composted BOF and decomposed BOF were 55 and 50% respectively. Fatty acid methyl esters(FAME)analysis indicated soil microbial community changed sensitively after applying BOF. Soil FAME total content, relative fungi content and ratio of fungi to bacteria were significantly increased in both BOF treatments. The soil odd-number fatty acid proportion changed after applying BOF, aC15 : 0, iC17 : 0 decreased, while cyC17 : 0 increased in soil odd-number fatty acid proportion. BOF application would strengthen soil health and disease suppression. The content of C16 : 1 11c in soil microbial community was obviously increased after decomposed BOF application. It indicated that the growth of AM fungi could be enhanced with decomposed BOF application. FAME microbial biomarkers could be used for an indicator of soil health and disease suppression. Odd-number fatty acid proportion was a sensitive indicator of the effect of applying un-composted and decomposed BOF respectively on soil health regulating.

Cloning and Sequence Analysis of Expansin Genes from Litchi chinensis Fruit

Using PCR degenerate primers, designed with reference to the sequences of the conserved amino acids of known expansins, to amplify cDNA fragments in litchi fruit by RT-PCR, two different cDNA fragments , named as Lc-Exp1 and Lc-Exp2 , were cloned. Lc-Exp1 and Lc-Exp2 was respectively composed of 531 bp encoding 177 amino acids and 537 bp encoding 179 amino acids. Eight cysteine residues and three tryp-tophan residues, which is supposed to be the characteristics of expansins, are conserved in both Lc-Exp1 and c-Exp2. In addition, the homology between the two expansins is 71. 6% at nucleotide acid sequences and 76.3% at amino acid sequences. The homology of Lc-Exp1 with Fa-Exp2 or Pp-Exp1 was 92.7% or 92.1%, but that of Lc-Exp2 with Fa-Exp2 or Pp-Exp1 was only 77. 4% or 76.3% at amino acid sequences.

Effects of Rice Straw Incorporation and Soil Pre－Flooding on the Fate of Applied （^（15）NH_4）_2SO_4－N and Growth of Rice

A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of straw incorporation and soil pre-flooding on the fate of (￣(15)NH_4)_2SO_4-N and the growth of rice. Excessive application of rice straw when incorporated with (￣(15)NH_4)_2SO_4 at the C/N ratio of 40 reduced the loss of (￣(15)NH_4)_2SO_4-N and retarded the growth and development of rice significantly, while no adverse effects were observed on dry weight of panicle and the total recovery of (￣(15)NH_4)_2SO_4-N when rice straw was incorporated with (￣(15)NH_4)_2SO_4 at a C/N ratio less than 25. There were no significant effects of duration of soil pre-flooding within 6 weeks on (￣(15)NH_4)_2SO_4-Nuptake by rice and on rice growth, but, less loss of (￣(15)NH_4)_2SO_4-N was observed in the soil with a longer period of pre-flooding.

Combined Application of Si and Mn for Correcting Fe Toxicity to Rice（Oryza sativaL．） on a Red Earth

Based on the fact that Fe toxicity which is usually characterized by leaf oranging and low yield canbe obviously subdued by application of Si or Mn due to counteraction between Fe and Si or Mn. A potexperiment was conducted with four treatments of CK, Si, Mn and Si+Mn to further study the effect ofcombined application of Si and Mn on rice growth on red earths. Water-soluble Si, Fe and Mn were measured,and electron probe was used to study Si, Mn, Fe and Ca in root cross sections. Combined application of Si andMn could increase water-soluble Si and Mn but reduce water-soluble Fe, thus being favorable for correctingFe toxicity. Electron probe study showed obvious differences of Si, Fe, Mn and Ca in rice roots betweenCK and the other three treatments. The combined application of Si and Mn could reduce leaf oranging andimprove rice growth. The Si+Mn treatment had a higher plant height, lower number of oranging leaves anda 25.0% higher rice yield than CK and showed a better effect on rice growth than the treatment of sole Si orMn.

Study on the Measures of Connectedness Between Herds

Pig breeding is generally conducted among many herds, so EBV comparisons across populationsare necessary. Genetic connectedness is required for reliable between-farm animal EBV comparisons.Five quantitative overall connectedness measures among populations have been proposed so far,coefficient of connectedness(γ*), coefficient of determination (CD) and overall indices ofprecision, connectedness rating, number of direct genetic links between subpopulations due tocommon sires and dams (GLt), and average genetic covariance (AGC) are reviewed and theirproperties are discussed in this paper. It is recommended to use AGC at present for measuringgenetic connectedness between herds.

Influence of Mn and Fe Counteraction on Rice（OryzasativaL．）Oranging Physiological Disease

Mn and Fe are two important micronutrients of paddy soils derived from red earths. Rice (Oryza sativa L.) or-anging physiological disease in newly reclaimed red earths is related to Fe toxicity. There have been considerable stud-ies on Mn and Fe counteraction, but influence of Mn and Fe counteraction on rice oranging physiological disease stillremains unknown.This paper is to study, using two soils from USA and China respectively, the relationship between Mn and Fecounteraction and the physiological disease. Analysis for water soluble and extractable Fe and Mn showed thatMn/ Fe ratios of the red earths were lower than those of the paddy soils. Fertilizing with Mn raised Mn/ Fe and re-duced oranging leaves, improved growth and increased yields. Analysis with electron probe showed that Mn treat-ment had less Fe deposit in root epidermis and more Ca and Si in roots.The results indicated that fertilizing with Mn could correct Fe toxicity. How to apply Mn and Fe counteractionin practice is worth further studying .

Factors Influencing the Outcrossed Seed-Setting Obstacles of Photo-thermo Sensitive Genie Male Sterile Rice

Using photo-thermo sensitive genie male rice (PTGMS) Pei' ai 64S, W7415S, W6154S, N26S, Annong S, Nongken 58S, 7001S and 5088S as female parents and conventional indica lines 8258 and U89 as male parents, the factors affecting outcrossed seed-setting were analyzed. The PTGMS had obstacles in outcrossed seed setting influenced by inheritance and environment at varying degrees. Environmental temperature was regarded as the main factor that resulted in the outcrossed seed-setting obstacles. The sensitive stage was at the early stage of grain filling for outcrossed seed setting. There existed remarkable differences at the sensitivity stage, the duration of sensitive period, the sensitive level and the effective level of outcrossed seed-setting obstacles caused by environmental temperature among different PTGMS lines. Therefore, attention should be paid to outcrossed seed-setting obstacles in selection and utilization of PTGMS lines.

Factors Controlling Deoxygenation of "Floodwater" Overlying an Acid Sulfate Soil: Experimental Modeling

An incubation experiment was conducted to simulate the effect of flooding onwater deoxygenation in acid sulfate soil floodplain systems. The originally oxygenated 'floodwater'could be deoxygenated immediately following 'flooding' and it is likelythat this was caused mainlyby decomposition of organic debris from the inundated plants. Deoxygenation eventually led to thedepletion of dissolved oxygen (DO) in the 'floodwater' and it is highly possible that this resultedin the transformations of ferric Fe to ferrous Fe, sulfate to hydrogen sulfide. and organic nitrogento ammonia (ammonification). The accumulation of these reduced substances allows the 'floodwater'to develop DO-consuming capacity (DOCC). When the 'floodwater' is mixed with the introducedoxygenated water, apart from the dilution effects, the reduced substances contained in the'floodwater' oxidize to further consume DO carried by the introduced water. However, it appears thatthe DO drop in the mixed water can only last for a few hours if no additional DO-depleted'floodwater' is added. Entry of atmospheric oxygen into the water can raise the DO level of themixed water arid lower water pH through the oxidation of the reduced substances.

Study of the imaging property of a fluorescent confocal microscopy with a phase-only filter in an extended source

The phase information of an enlarged source is reconstructed with an annular two-zone phase-only filter in a fluorescent confocal scanning optical microscope for resolution improvement. The dependences of its resolution on the source size and on the phase transmission of the outer annular zone of the falter are investigated theoretically by use of its three-dimensional optical transfer function （3D OTF ）. The increased source size and the required phase value of the outer annular zone of the phase-only falter for an optimal 3D OTF of the optical system are presented.

PCR Amplication and Sequencing of ITS-2 rDNA of Leucocytozoon caulleryi

The second internal transcribed spacer (ITS-2) of Leucocytozoon caulleryi was amplified by PCR using a pair of conserved primers and cloned into the T-T windows of plasmid pGEM-T easy vector. The inserts were successfully sequenced and the results revealed that the ITS-2 plus flanking sequence (ITS2+) was composed of 270 nucleotides. and the ITS-2 was 113 bp in length. The ITS-2 of L. caulleryi was analysed by NCBI Blast, and the degree of homology of the ITS-2 of L. caulleryi was compared with that of Eimeria tenella , Candida tropicalis and Saccharomyces kluyveri and others by wDNASIS. The results showed that the ITS-2 of L. caulleryi is characteristic and has the greatest similarity with E. tenella (21.2%).

QTL Detection on Chromosome 6 in Landrace×Lantang Pig Resource Population

A resource population constructed by F2 design with Landrace and Chinese indigenous Lantangpigs was used in this study. Seven microsatellite DNA markers on chromosome 6 and USDA2.6 piggenetic linkage map were used for interval QTL mapping. The results revealed that at theposition of 38-41 cM there was a chromosome-wide highly significant QTL affecting carcassbackfat A thickness (P < 0.01), which was closely linked with MN007 and the ratio of QTL addi-tive variance to F2 phenotypic variance was 5.90%. At the position of 60-70 cM there were twochromosome-wide significant QTLs affecting carcass lean percentage (P < 0.01) and skin and fatpercentage (P < 0.05), which were closely linked with MN003 and the ratio of QTL additivevariance to F2 phenotypic variance were 18.44 and 3.75%, respectively. At the same position,there was a single-point QTL also closely linked with MN003 and highly significantly (P < 0.01)affecting carcass lean. In addition, there were two chromosome-wide highly significant (P < 0.01)QTLs affecting meat color and marbling, which were closely linked with MN13 at the positionof 70-75 cM and the ratio of QTL additive variance to F2 phenotypic variance were 14.05and 1.77%, respectively.

Studies on Preparation and Characteristics of Monoclonal Antibodies Against Enrofloxacin and Cross-Reactivity of Related Fluoroquinolones

An ester activation method was employed to couple enrofloxacin(ENFX) to the carrier proteins BSA and OVA. The conjugates ENFX-BSA and ENFX-OVA were identified with an UV spectrophotometer and amino acid automation analysis instrument, and resulted in conjugates with 48 ENFX molecules per carrier molecule(BSA). Splenocytes from mice immunized with ENFX-BSA were fused with SP2/0 myeloma cells and hybridomas secreting antibodies against enrofloxacin were selected and cloned. Two stable monoclonal antibodies, 2C5, 5D5 of the subclass IgG2a, were isolated. Using antibody 5D5, an indirect competitive inhibition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (Ci-ELISA) was developed for the quantitative detection of enrofloxacin and its metabolites. The IC50 of the standard curve was 21.67 ng mL-1 and the limit of detection for enrofloxacin was 0.13 ng mL-1. This method was sensitive and had a linear range from 0.13 to 10 000 ng mL-1 (r= -0.9782). Monoclonal antibody 5D5 exhibited high relative affinity to enrofloxacin, and the cross-reactivities with ciprofloxacin, marbofloxacin, sarafloxacin and danorfloxacin were 110.8, 27.40, 71.05 and 37.41%, respectively. Three non-fluoroquinolones of cefadroxil, chloramphenicol, sulfadimethoxine were tested and there was no cross-reaction between them.