Consistency of Tropospheric Water Vapor between Reanalyses and Himawari-8/AHI Measurements over East Asia

High spatiotemporal resolution radiances from the advanced imagers onboard the new generation of geostationary weather satellites provide a unique opportunity to evaluate the abilities of various reanalysis datasets to depict multilayer tropospheric water vapor(WV),thereby enhancing our understanding of the deficiencies of WV in reanalysis datasets.Based on daily measurements from the Advanced Himawari Imager(AHI)onboard the Himawari-8 satellite in 2016,the bias features of multilayer WV from six reanalysis datasets over East Asia are thoroughly evaluated.The assessments show that wet biases exist in the upper troposphere in all six reanalysis datasets;in particular,these biases are much larger in summer.Overall,we find better depictions of WV in the middle troposphere than in the upper troposphere.The accuracy of WV in the ERA5 dataset is the highest,in terms of the bias magnitude,dispersion,and pattern similarity.The characteristics of the WV bias over the Tibetan Plateau are significantly different from those over other parts of East Asia.In addition,the reanalysis datasets all capture the shift of the subtropical high very well,with ERA5 performing better overall.

Genetic mechanism of body size variation in groupers:Insights from phylotranscriptomics

Animal body size variation is of particular interest in evolutionary biology,but the genetic basis remains largely unknown.Previous studies have shown the presence of two parallel evolutionary genetic clusters within the fish genus Epinephelus with evident divergence in body size,providing an excellent opportunity to investigate the genetic basis of body size variation in vertebrates.Herein,we performed phylotranscriptomic analysis and reconstructed the phylogeny of 13 epinephelids originating from the South China Sea.Two genetic clades with an estimated divergence time of approximately 15.4 million years ago were correlated with large and small body size,respectively.A total of 180 rapidly evolving genes and two positively selected genes were identified between the two groups.Functional enrichment analyses of these candidate genes revealed distinct enrichment categories between the two groups.These pathways and genes may play important roles in body size variation in groupers through complex regulatory networks.Based on our results,we speculate that the ancestors of the two divergent groups of groupers may have adapted to different environments through habitat selection,leading to genetic variations in metabolic patterns,organ development,and lifespan,resulting in body size divergence between the two locally adapted populations.These findings provide important insights into the genetic mechanisms underlying body size variation in groupers and species differentiation.

The Assessment of Global Surface Temperature Change from 1850s:The C-LSAT2.0 Ensemble and the CMST-Interim Datasets

Based on C-LSAT2.0,using high-and low-frequency components reconstruction methods,combined with observation constraint masking,a reconstructed C-LSAT2.0 with 756 ensemble members from the 1850s to 2018 has been developed.These ensemble versions have been merged with the ERSSTv5 ensemble dataset,and an upgraded version of the CMSTInterim dataset with 5°×5°resolution has been developed.The CMST-Interim dataset has significantly improved the coverage rate of global surface temperature data.After reconstruction,the data coverage before 1950 increased from 78%−81%of the original CMST to 81%−89%.The total coverage after 1955 reached about 93%,including more than 98%in the Northern Hemisphere and 81%−89%in the Southern Hemisphere.Through the reconstruction ensemble experiments with different parameters,a good basis is provided for more systematic uncertainty assessment of C-LSAT2.0 and CMSTInterim.In comparison with the original CMST,the global mean surface temperatures are estimated to be cooler in the second half of 19th century and warmer during the 21st century,which shows that the global warming trend is further amplified.The global warming trends are updated from 0.085±0.004℃(10 yr)^(–1)and 0.128±0.006℃(10 yr)^(–1)to 0.089±0.004℃(10 yr)^(–1)and 0.137±0.007℃(10 yr)^(–1),respectively,since the start and the second half of 20th century.

Whole-genome sequencing of leopard coral grouper(Plectropomus leopardus) and exploration of regulation mechanism of skin color and adaptive evolution

Leopard coral groupers belong to the Plectropomus genus of the Epinephelidae family and are important fish for coral reef ecosystems and the marine aquaculture industry. To promote future research of this species, a high-quality chromosome-level genome was assembled using PacBio sequencing and Hi-C technology. A 787.06 Mb genome was assembled, with 99.7%(784.57 Mb) of bases anchored to 24 chromosomes. The leopard coral grouper genome size was smaller than that of other groupers, which may be related to its ancient status among grouper species. A total of 22 317 proteincoding genes were predicted. This high-quality genome of the leopard coral grouper is the first genomic resource for Plectropomus and should provide a pivotal genetic foundation for further research. Phylogenetic analysis of the leopard coral grouper and 12 other fish species showed that this fish is closely related to the brown-marbled grouper.Expanded genes in the leopard coral grouper genome were mainly associated with immune response and movement ability, which may be related to the adaptive evolution of this species to its habitat. In addition, we also identified differentially expressed genes(DEGs) associated with carotenoid metabolism between red and brown-colored leopard coral groupers. These genes may play roles in skin color decision by regulating carotenoid content in these groupers.

Northward Shift in Landfall Locations of Tropical Cyclones over the Western North Pacific during the Last Four Decades

This study analyzes landfall locations of tropical cyclones(TCs)over the western North Pacific during 1979–2018.Results demonstrate that the landfall locations of TCs over this region have shifted northward during the last four decades,primarily due to the shift of landfalling TC tracks,with the decreasing/increasing proportion of westward/northward TC tracks.In particular,the northward shift of the landfalling TCs was not related to their formation locations,which have not markedly changed,whereas"no-landed"TCs have significantly shifted northward.TC movement was significantly and positively correlated to the zonal component of the steering flow,while the correlation between TC movement and the meridional component of the steering flow was relatively unobvious.The westward steering flow in the tropical central Pacific that occurred around the formation and early development of the westward TCs was significantly weakened,which was unfavorable for their westward movement,thereby,causing the higher proportions of northward moving tracks.This weakened westward flow was related to the northward shift of the subtropical high ridge,which was caused by significant weakening of the southern part of the subtropical high.The vertical wind shear,sea surface temperature,and convective available potential energy also showed that the northern region of the western North Pacific became more favorable for TC development,whereas the upper divergence,low-layer relative vorticity,and accumulated water vapor content were not obviously related to the northward shift of TCs.

First genetic assessment of brackish water polychaete Tylorrhynchus heterochaetus: mitochondrial CO/sequences reveal strong genetic differentiation and population expansion in samples collected from southeast China and north Vietnam

Tylorrhynchus heterochaetus is a widespread benthic polychaete worm found in coastal brackish waters of the west Pacific.It has high ecological and economic value as a biomarker of water quality and as a high-quality feed in aquaculture and fisheries and is considered a delicacy in some areas of Asia.However,it has experienced a marked reduction in recent years due to overexploitation as well as changes in the environment and climate.Here,to comprehensively understand its genetic background and thus provide insights for better conservation and utilization of this species,we assessed the genetic variability and demographic history of T.heterochaetus individuals sampled from eight locations along the coasts of southeast China and north Vietnam based on mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I(COI)sequences.We observed high haplotype diversity(Hd),with an average of 0.926,but relatively low nucleotide diversity(π),with a mean of 0.032 across all samples.A total of 94 polymorphic sites and 85 haplotypes were identified among 320 individuals.The pairwise genetic distances among haplotypes ranged from 0.001 to 0.067,with the high intraspecific divergence possibly reflecting geographic isolation and gene pool fragmentation.Significant genetic structures were revealed among the studied locations;specifically,the eight locations could be treated as six genetically different populations based on pairwiseΦST results(0.026–0.951,P<0.01).A significant pattern of isolation-by-distance was detected between the genetic and geographic distances(r=0.873,P=0.001).Three geographic lineages were defined based on phylogenetic tree and network analyses of COI haplotypes.AMOVA results indicated that genetic variations mainly occurred among the three lineages(89.96%).Tests of neutrality and mismatch distribution suggested that T.heterochaetus underwent recent population expansion.These results provide the first report on the genetic status of T.heterochaetus and will be valuable for the management of genetic resources and better understanding of the ecology and evolution in this species.

Specific Relationship between the Surface Air Temperature and the Area of the Terra Nova Bay Polynya,Antarctica

Antarctic polynyas play an important role in regional atmosphere?ice?ocean interactions and are considered to help generate the global deep ocean conveyer belt.Polynyas therefore have a potential impact on the Earth’s climate in terms of the production of sea ice and high-salinity shelf water.In this study,we investigated the relationship between the area of the Terra Nova Bay polynya and the air temperature as well as the eastward and northward wind based on the ERA5 and ERAInterim reanalysis datasets and observations from automatic weather stations during the polar night.We examined the correlation between each factor and the polynya area under different temperature conditions.Previous studies have focused more on the effect of winds on the polynya,but the relationship between air temperature and the polynya area has not been fully investigated.Our study shows,eliminating the influence of winds,lower air temperature has a stronger positive correlation with the polynya area.The results show that the relationship between the polynya area and air temperature is more likely to be interactively influenced.As temperature drops,the relationship of the polynya area with air temperature becomes closer with increasing correlation coefficients.In the low temperature conditions,the correlation coefficients of the polynya area with air temperature are above 0.5,larger than that with the wind speed.

Compositional and geochronological signatures of metamafic dykes from the Sangsang peridotites, South Tibet: Evidence for magma-starved forearc rifting during Neo-Tethyan subduction re-initiation

In this study we present new mineral chemistry,whole-rock geochemical and zircon U-Pb geochronological data for 12 metamafic dykes in the mantle sequence of the Sangsang ophiolite in South Tibet(China).Modal analyses of these dykes gave averages of^40%-65%plagioclase and^35%-60%amphibole and small amounts of(igneous)clinopyroxene,epidote and opaque minerals.This mineral assemblage resembles that of typical orthoamphibolites.Nevertheless,due to the absence of foliation the investigated rocks are described as metamafic lithologies.These rocks have primitive mantle(PM)-normalized multi-element patterns with negative Nb and Ta anomalies as well as weak,negative Ti anomalies.In addition,they have initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios[(87Sr/86Sr)1]of0.702844-0.703581,initial 143Nd/144Nd ratios[(143Nd/144Nd)i]of 0.512891-0.512959 and high εNd(t)values(+7.9 to+9.3).Uranium-Pb ages of magmatic zircons separated from the investigated metamafic dykes indicate that the parental melts of their protoliths intruded the Sangsang mantle at^119.0-118.5 Ma.The metamorphic mineral assemblages recognized in the investigated dykes are suggestive of a retrograde metamorphic process,from(epidote-)amphibolite facies(~470-610℃,-1.9-4.3 kbar)and to prehnitepumpellyite facies(≤280℃,<3 kbar),active within a rift-produced oceanic lithosphere.Microtextural and geochemical data suggest that the protoliths of the dykes were most likely massive gabbros.Compositional data show that the parental magmas of the gabbroic protoliths were generated by melting of a depleted mantle(DM)source that had been weakly modified by fluids emanating from a subducted oceanic lithospheric slab.The age of the gabbroic protoliths is slightly younger than the existing ages for ophiolites from the central Yarlung-Zangbo Suture Zone(YZSZ)in the literature(~129-123 Ma).We,therefore,suggest that the gabbroic protoliths of the Sangsang metamafic dykes were formed in an incipient forearc setting during Neo-Tethyan subduction reinitiation(Aptian).Our tectonomagmatic model provides insights into the igneous accretion and postsolidification evolution of the oceanic lithosphere in South Tibet.

Structural and Operational Optimization of A Flapping Fin Used as A Self-Propulsor for AUV Propulsion

Marine mammals could directly harvest energy from waves and obtain propulsive force through oscillating flapping fins or horizontal tail flukes,which in many cases have been observed and proved to be substantial.The propulsion generated by the flapping fin has been analyzed by many researchers from both the theoretical and experimental prospects;however,the structural and operational optimization of a flapping fin for the optimal propulsion performance has been less studied,such as the investigation of the effects of the phase difference between heave and pitch motion,maximum oscillation angle,fin shape,oscillation centre of the fin and the operating sea state on the generated propulsion.In this paper,the flapping fin is used as a self-propulsor to propel an autonomous underwater vehicle(AUV)for propulsion assistance.For the optimization design of the flapping fin,its propulsion effect is numerically investigated with different structural parameters and under various operation conditions using computational fluid dynamics(CFD)approaches.Verification and validation study have been implemented to quantify the numerical uncertainties and evaluate the accuracy of the proposed CFD method.Then,a series of case studies are thoroughly conducted to investigate the effects of different structural parameters and operational conditions on the generated propulsion of a flapping fin by CFD simulations.The simulation results demonstrate that different structural parameters and operation conditions would significantly impact the magnitude and distribution state of the fluid pressure around the flapping fin surface,thus,affect the propulsion performance of the fin.The findings in this study will provide guidelines for the structural and operational optimization design of a flapping fin for self-propulsion of mobile platforms.

Utilization of Specific Attenuation for Rainfall Estimation in Southern China

This study uses rain gauge observations to assess the performance of different radar estimators R(ZH),R(KDP)and R(A)in estimating precipitation based on the observations of an S-band polarimetric radar over southern China during a typical convective storm and an extremely severe typhoon,i.e.,Typhoon Manghkut.These radar estimators were derived from observations of a local autonomous particle size and velocity(Parsivel)unit(APU)disdrometer.A key parameter,alpha(α),which is the ratio of specific attenuation A to specific differential phase KDP with three fixed values(α=0.015 dB deg^(-1),α=0.0185 dB deg^(-1)andα=0.03 dB deg^(-1))was examined to test the sensitivity of the R(A)rain retrievals.The results show that:(1)All radar estimators can capture the spatio-temporal patterns of two precipitation events,R(A)withα=0.0185 dB deg^(-1)is well correlated with gauge measurement via higher Pearson’s correlation coefficient(CC)of 0.87,lower relative bias(RB)of 16%,and lower root mean square error(RMSE)of 17.09 mm in the convective storm while it underestimates the typhoon event with RB of 35%;(2)R(A)withα=0.03 dB deg^(-1)shows the best statistical scores with the highest CC(0.92),lowest RB(7%)and RMSE(25.74 mm)corresponding to Typhoon Manghkut;(3)R(A)estimates are more efficient in mitigating the impact of partial beam blockage.The results indicate thatαis remarkably influenced by the variation of drop size distribution.Thus,more work is needed to establish an automated and optimizedαfor the R(A)relation during different rainfall events over different regions.

Record-breaking High-temperature Outlook for 2023: An Assessment Based on the China Global Merged Temperature(CMST) Dataset

According to the latest version(version 2.0) of the China global Merged Surface Temperature(CMST2.0) dataset, the global mean surface temperature(GMST) in the first half of 2023 reached its third warmest value since the period of instrumental observation began, being only slightly lower than the values recorded in 2016 and 2020, and historically record-breaking GMST emerged from May to July 2023. Further analysis also indicates that if the surface temperature in the last five months of 2023 approaches the average level of the past five years, the annual average surface temperature anomaly in 2023 of approximately 1.26°C will break the previous highest surface temperature, which was recorded in 2016of approximately 1.25°C(both values relative to the global pre-industrialization period, i.e., the average value from 1850 to1900). With El Ni?o triggering a record-breaking hottest July, record-breaking average annual temperatures will most likely become a reality in 2023.

Quantitative Applications of Weather Satellite Data for Nowcasting:Progress and Challenges

Monitoring and predicting highly localized weather events over a very short-term period,typically ranging from minutes to a few hours,are very important for decision makers and public action.Nowcasting these events usually relies on radar observations through monitoring and extrapolation.With advanced high-resolution imaging and sounding observations from weather satellites,nowcasting can be enhanced by combining radar,satellite,and other data,while quantitative applications of those data for nowcasting are advanced through using machine learning techniques.Those applications include monitoring the location,impact area,intensity,water vapor,atmospheric instability,precipitation,physical properties,and optical properties of the severe storm at different stages(pre-convection,initiation,development,and decaying),identification of storm types(wind,snow,hail,etc.),and predicting the occurrence and evolution of the storm.Satellite observations can provide information on the environmental characteristics in the preconvection stage and are very useful for situational awareness and storm warning.This paper provides an overview of recent progress on quantitative applications of satellite data in nowcasting and its challenges,and future perspectives are also addressed and discussed.

Statistical analysis of intensity variations in tropical cyclones in the East China Sea passing over the Kuroshio

Intensity variations of the SE-NW-oriented tropical cyclones(TC)in the East China Sea(ECS)passing over the Kuroshio are studied using multi-year high-resolution sea surface temperature data,the tropical cyclone data,and the global reanalysis dataset.The statistical results show that there are 81 TCs passing over the Kuroshio from the southeast in the East China Sea,over 68 years from 1949 to 2016.In terms of the change of the atmospheric pressure in the center of the TC,there are three categories:31 TCs are intensified,28 maintain their intensities,and 22 weakened.Significant seasonal differences are presented in the distribution.In the analysis on the intensified TCs,it is found that the TCs in the range where the center translational speed is from 1 m/s to 8 m/s and the distance from the Kuroshio main axis is from 10 km to 75 km are intensified more significantly.The analysis of three specific examples of TCs show that the stronger characteristics of the Kuroshio warm water in the ECS,the greater the intensity increase of such tropical cyclones.

Tectonic unit divisions based on block tectonics theory in the South China Sea and its adjacent areas

Identifying distinct tectonic units is key to understanding the geotectonic framework and distribution law of oil and gas resources.The South China Sea and its adjacent areas have undergone complex tectonic evolution processes,and the division of tectonic units is controversial.Guided by block tectonics theory,this study divide the South China Sea and its adjacent areas into several distinguished tectonic units relying on known boundary markers such as sutures(ophiolite belts),subduction-collision zones,orogenic belts,and deep faults.This work suggests that the study area is occupied by nine stable blocks(West Burma Block,Sibumasu Block,LanpingSimao Block,Indochina Block,Yangtze Block,Cathaysian Block,Qiongnan Block,Nansha Block,and Northwest Sulu Block),two suture zones(Majiang suture zone and Southeast Yangtze suture zone),two accretionary zones(Sarawak-Sulu accretionary zone and East Sulawesi accretionary zone),one subduction-collision zone(RakhineJava-Timor subduction-collision zone),one ramp zone(Philippine islands ramp zone),and six small oceanic marginal sea basins(South China Sea Basin,Sulu Sea Basin,Sulawesi Sea Basin,Banda Sea Basin,Makassar Basin,and Andaman Sea Basin).This division reflects the tectonic activities,crustal structural properties,and evolutionary records of each evaluated tectonic unit.It is of great theoretical and practical importance to understand the tectonic framework to support the exploration of oil and gas resources in the South China Sea and its adjacent areas.

An approach to determine coeffi cients of logarithmic velocity vertical profile in the bottom boundary layer

Velocity vertical profiles in the bottom boundary layer are important to understand the oceanic circulation.The logarithmic vertical profile,u=A ln z+B,is the universal profile for the horizontal velocity in the boundary layer,in which two coefficients(A and B)need to be determined.The two coefficients are the functions of the friction velocity(u_(*))and the roughness length(z_(0)),and they are calculated using u_(*)and z_(0).However,the measurement of u_(*)and z_(0) is a challenge.In the present study,an approach is developed to estimate the two coefficients(A and B)by using a series of fl ume laboratory experiments with fl at boundary and regularly distributed cylinders as the rough boundaries.An acoustic doppler velocimeter(ADV)is used to measure the velocity vertical profiles of the steady flow.Using the measured velocity data,the regressed logarithmic profiles are obtained.Based on the series of the A and B values,the mathematical formula for A and B are statistically established as the function of the cylinder height,inflow velocity,and the water depth,which avoids the measurement of the friction velocity and the roughness length.

Effects of manufactured nanomaterials on algae:Implications and applications

The wide application of manufactured nanomaterials(MNMs)has resulted in the inevitable release of MNMs into the aquatic environment along their life cycle.As the primary producer in aquatic ecosystems,algae play a critical role in maintaining the balance of ecosystems’energy flow,material circulation and information transmission.Thus,thoroughly understanding the biological effects of MNMs on algae as well as the underlying mechanisms is of vital importance.We conducted a comprehensive review on both positive and negative effects of MNMs on algae and thoroughly discussed the underlying mechanisms.In general,exposure to MNMs may adversely affect algae’s gene expression,metabolites,photosynthesis,nitrogen fixation and growth rate.The major mechanisms of MNMs-induced inhibition are attributed to oxidative stress,mechanical damages,released metal ions and light-shielding effects.Meanwhile,the rational application of MNMs-algae interactions would promote valuable bioactive substances production as well as control biological and chemical pollutants.Our review could provide a better understanding of the biological effects of MNMs on algae and narrow the knowledge gaps on the underlying mechanisms.It would shed light on the investigation of environmental implications and applications of MNMs-algae interactions and meet the increasing demand for sustainable nanotechnology development.

Intraseasonal oscillation intensity over the western North Pacific:Projected changes under global warming

The 30-60-day intraseasonal oscillation(ISO) and 10-20-day ISO are two dominant oscillation modes over the western North Pacific during boreal summer.With daily data derived from eight CMIP5 models,changes of the ISO intensities are projected under the 1.5 and 2.0℃ global warming levels under the Representative Concentration Pathway(RCP) 4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios.Most of the models agree that the ISO intensities increase along a belt region from the south Indochina Peninsula(ICP) to the east to the Philippines.The variation pattern shows little difference between different warming levels or scenarios.Results indicate that the spatial distribution of ISO anomalies is related with the variation of background fields.Enriched lower-level humidity and moist static energy favor the intensity increases of ISOs,which are projected to be larger over the whole western North Pacific,with the most conspicuous changes located over the east to the Philippines for humidity but over the south of the ICP for moist static energy.In contrast,the ISOs over the west to Indonesia and northeast to the Philippines decrease,which is consistent with the local descending motions.

Assessing microbial and chemical exposure risks of Giardia in indoor swimming pool water disinfected by chlorine

Swimming pools adopt chlorination to ensure microbial safety. Giardia has attracted attention in swimming pool water because of its occurrence, pathogenicity, and chlorine resistance. To control Giardia concentrations in pool water and reduce the microbial risk, higher chlorine doses are required during disinfection. Unfortunately, this process produces carcinogenic disinfection byproducts that increase the risk of chemical exposure. Therefore, quantitatively evaluating the comparative microbial vs. chemical exposure risks that stem from chlorination inactivation of Giardia in swimming pool water is an issue that demands attention. We simulated an indoor swimming pool disinfection scenario that followed common real-world disinfection practices. A quantitative microbial risk assessment coupled with a chemical exposure risk assessment was employed to compare the Giardia microbial exposure risk(MER) and the trihalomethane chemical exposure risk(CER) to humans. The results demonstrated a 22% decrease in MER-and CER-induced health exposure risk, from 8.45E-5 at 8:00 to 6.60E-5 at 19:00. Both the MER and CER decreased gradually, dropping to 3.26E-5 and 3.35E-5 at 19:00, respectively. However, the CER exceeded the MER after 18:30 and became the dominant factor affecting the total exposure risk. Past the 18 hr mark, the contribution of trihalomethane CER far exceeded the risk aversion from microbial inactivation, leading to a net increase in total exposure risk despite the declining MER. Swimmers may consider swimming after 19:00, when the total exposure risk is the lowest. Lowering water temperature and/or p H were identified as the most sensitive factors to minimize the overall health exposure risk.

The first near real-time inverted echo sounder observation in the South China Sea

We report the first near real-time inverted echo sounder(IES)observation in the South China Sea(Fig.1).Although the first IES observation in the South China Sea was in 2005,and the near real-time IES observation module was first developed in 2012(http://www.po.gso.uri.edu/dynamics/IES/hist.html),the real-time IES has never been deployed in the South China Sea until the reporting of observations in this study.IES is a bottom-mounted mooring that records the round-trip acoustic travel time from the bottom to the surface and back(τ).

Disinfection byproducts in indoor swimming pool water: Detection and human lifetime health risk assessment

Quantification of regulated and emerging disinfection byproducts (DBPs) in swimming pool water,as well as the assessment of their lifetime health risk are limited in China.In this study,the occurrence of regulated DBPs (e.g.,trihalomethanes,haloacetic acids) and emerging DBPs (e.g.,haloacetonitriles,haloacetaldehydes) in indoor swimming pool water and the corresponding source water at a city in Eastern China were determined.The concentrations of DBPs in swimming pool water were 1-2 orders of magnitude higher than that in source water.Lifetime cancer and non-cancer risks of DBPs stemming from swimming pool water were also estimated.Inhalation and dermal exposure were the most significant exposure routes related to swimming pool DBP cancer and non-cancer risks.For the first time,buccal and aural exposure were considered,and were proven to be important routes of DBP exposure (accounting for 17.9%-38.9%of total risk).The cancer risks of DBPs for all swimmers were higher than 10^(-6)of lifetime exposure risk recommended by United States Environmental Protection Agency,and the competitive adult swimmers experienced the highest cancer risk (7.82×10^(-5)).These findings provide important information and perspectives for future efforts to lower the health risks associated with exposure to DBPs in swimming pool water.