Prevalence,Characteristics and Treatment of Knee Osteoarthritis in Urban Residents of Beijing,China:A Community-Based Cross-Sectional Study

Knee osteoarthritis(KOA)is a common progressive joint disease with chronic pain and movement disorders as the main clinical features.It is a major public health problem worldwide and it imposes serious medical and economic burdens.KOA accounts for nearly four-fifths of the global Osteoarthritis burden and increases with rising obesity and age[1].There are many reasons for the change in disease prevalence and risk factors,such as urbanization,lifestyle changes,population aging,and sex imbalances.

Performance of the walking trail making test in older adults with white matter hyperintensities

BACKGROUND Several studies have reported that the walking trail making test(WTMT)completion time is significantly higher in patients with developmental coordination disorders and mild cognitive impairments.We hypothesized that WTMT performance would be altered in older adults with white matter hyperintensities(WMH).AIM To explore the performance in the WTMT in older people with WMH.METHODS In this single-center,observational study,25 elderly WMH patients admitted to our hospital from June 2019 to June 2020 served as the WMH group and 20 participants matched for age,gender,and educational level who were undergoing physical examination in our hospital during the same period served as the control group.The participants completed the WTMT-A and WTMT-B to obtain their gait parameters,including WTMT-A completion time,WTMT-B completion time,speed,step length,cadence,and stance phase percent.White matter lesions were scored according to the Fazekas scale.Multiple neuropsychological assessments were carried out to assess cognitive function.The relationships between WTMT performance and cognition and motion in elderly patients with WMH were analyzed by partial Pearson correlation analysis.RESULTS Patients with WMH performed significantly worse on the choice reaction test(CRT)(0.51±0.09 s vs 0.44±0.06 s,P=0.007),verbal fluency test(VFT,14.2±2.75 vs 16.65±3.54,P=0.012),and digit symbol substitution test(16.00±2.75 vs 18.40±3.27,P=0.010)than participants in the control group.The WMH group also required significantly more time to complete the WTMT-A(93.00±10.76 s vs 70.55±11.28 s,P<0.001)and WTMT-B(109.72±12.26 s vs 82.85±7.90 s,P<0.001).WTMT-A completion time was positively correlated with CRT time(r=0.460,P=0.001),while WTMT-B completion time was negatively correlated with VFT(r=-0.391,P=0.008).On the WTMT-A,only speed was found to statistically differ between the WMH and control groups(0.803±0.096 vs 0.975±0.050 m/s,P<0.001),whereas on the WTMT-B,the WMH group exhibited a significantly lower speed(0.778±0.111 vs 0.970±0.053 m/s,P<0.001)and cadence(82.600±4.140 vs 85.500±5.020 steps/m,P=0.039),as well as a higher stance phase percentage(65.061±1.813%vs 63.513±2.465%,P=0.019)relative to controls.CONCLUSION Older adults with WMH showed obviously poorer WTMT performance.WTMT could be a potential indicator for cognitive and motor deficits in patients with WMH.

Rehabilitation and return to sport after hamstring strain injury

Hamstring strain injuries are common among sports that involve sprinting,kicking,and high-speed skilled movements or extensive muscle lengthening-type maneuvers with hip flexion and knee extension.These injuries present the challenge of significant recovery time and a lengthy period of increased susceptibility for recurrent injury.Nearly one third of hamstring strains recur within the first year following return to sport with subsequent injuries often being more severe than the original.This high re-injury rate suggests that athletes may be returning to sport prematurely due to inadequate return to sport criteria.In this review article,we describe the epidemiology,risk factors,differential diagnosis,and prognosis of an acute hamstring strain.Based on the current available evidence,we then propose a clinical guide for the rehabilitation of acute hamstring strains and an algorithm to assist clinicians in the decision-making process when assessing readiness of an athlete to return to sport.

The effects of plyometric jump training on lower-limb stiffness in healthy individuals:A meta-analytical comparison

Purpose:This study aimed to examine the effects of plyometric jump training(PJT)on lower-limb stiffness.Methods:Systematic searches were conducted in PubMed,Web of Science,and Scopus.Study participants included healthy males and females who undertook a PJT programme isolated from any other training type.Results:There was a small effect size(ES)of PJT on lower-limb stiffness(ES=0.33,95%confidence interval(95%CI):0.07-0.60,z=2.47,p=0.01).Untrained individuals exhibited a larger ES(ES=0.46,95%CI:0.08-0.84,p=0.02)than trained individuals(ES=0.15,95%CI:-0.23 to 0.53,p=0.45).Interventions lasting a greater number of weeks(>7 weeks)had a larger ES(ES=0.47,95%CI:0.06-0.88,p=0.03)than those lasting fewer weeks(ES=0.22,95%CI:-0.12 to 0.55,p=0.20).Programmes with<2 sessions per week exhibited a larger ES(ES=0.39,95%CI:0.01-0.77,p=0.04)than programmes that incorporated>2 sessions per week(ES=0.20,95%CI:-0.10 to 0.50,p=0.18).Programmes with<250 jumps per week(ES=0.50,95%CI:0.02-0.97,p=0.04)showed a larger effect than programmes with250-500 jumps per week(ES=0.36,95%CI:0.00-0.72,p=0.05).Programmes with>500 jumps per week had negative effects(ES=-0.22,95%CI:-1.10 to 0.67,p=0.63).Programmes with>7.5 jumps per set showed larger effect sizes(ES=0.55,95%CI:0.02-1.08,p=0.04)than those with<7.5 jumps per set(ES=0.32,95%CI:0.01-0.62,p=0.04).Conclusion:PJT enhances lower-body stiffness,which can be optimised with lower volumes(<250 jumps per week)over a relatively long period of time(>7 weeks).

Adhesive hydrogels in osteoarthritis:from design to application

Osteoarthritis(OA)is the most common type of degenerative joint disease which affects 7%of the global population and more than 500 million people worldwide.One research frontier is the development of hydrogels for OA treatment,which operate either as functional scaffolds of tissue engineering or as delivery vehicles of functional additives.Both approaches address the big challenge:establishing stable integration of such delivery systems or implants.Adhesive hydrogels provide possible solutions to this challenge.However,few studies have described the current advances in using adhesive hydrogel for OA treatment.This review summarizes the commonly used hydrogels with their adhesion mechanisms and components.Additionally,recognizing that OA is a complex disease involving different biological mechanisms,the bioactive therapeutic strategies are also presented.By presenting the adhesive hydrogels in an interdisciplinary way,including both the fields of chemistry and biology,this review will attempt to provide a comprehensive insight for designing novel bioadhesive systems for OA therapy.

Association of traditional Chinese exercises with glycemic responses in people with type 2 diabetes:A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Background： There is increasing evidence showing the health benefits of various forms of traditional Chinese exercises （TCEs） on the glycemic profile in people with type 2 diabetes. However, relatively little is known about the combined clinical effectiveness of these traditional exercises. This study was designed to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of the overall effect of 3 common TCEs （Tai Ji Quan, Qigong, Ba Duan Jin） on glycemie control in adults with type 2 diabetes. Methods： We conducted an extensive database search in Cochrane Library, EMBASE, PubMed, Web of Science, EBSCO, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure on randomized controlled trials published between April 1967 and September 2017 that compared any of the 3 TCEs with a control or comparison group on glycemic control. Data extraction was performed by 2 independent reviewers. Study quality was evaluated using the Coehrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions, which assessed the risk of bias, including sequence generation, allocation concealment, blinding, completeness of outcome data, and selective outcome reporting. The resulting quality of the reviewed studies was characterized in 3 grades representing the level of bias： low, unclear, and high. All analyses were performed using random effects models and heterogeneity was quantified. We a priori specified changes in biomarkers of hemoglobin A1 c （in percentage） and fasting blood glucose （mmol/L） as the main outcomes and triglycerides, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, 2-h plasma glucose, and fasting plasma glucose as secondary outcomes.Results： A total of 39 randomized, controlled trials （Tai Ji Quan = 11; Qigong= 6; Ba Duan Jin= 22） with 2917 type 2 diabetic patients （aged 41-80 years） were identified. Compared with a control or comparison group, pooled meta-analyses of TCEs showed a significant decrease in hemoglobin Alc （mean difference （MD）= -0.67%; 95% confidence interval （CI）：-0.86% to-0.48%; p 〈 0.00001） and fasting blood glucose （MD = -0.66 mmol/L; 95%CI： -0.95 to -0.37 mmol/L; p 〈 0.0001）. The observed effect was more pronounced for interventions that were medium range in duration （i.e., 〉3-〈 12 months）. TCE interventions also showed improvements in the secondary outcome measures. A high risk of bias was observed in the areas of blinding （i.e., study participants and personnel, and outcome assessment）. Conclusion： Among patients with type 2 diabetes, TCEs were associated with significantly lower hemoglobin Alc and fasting blood glucose. Further studies to better understand the dose and duration of exposure to TCEs are warranted.2018 Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Shanghai University of Sport. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license. （http：//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/）.

Association between physical activity and digestive-system cancer: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis

Background:Physical activity(PA)may have an impact on digestive-system cancer(DSC)by improving insulin sensitivity and anticancer immune function and by reducing the exposure of the digestive tract to carcinogens by stimulating gastrointestinal motility,thus reducing transit time.The current study aimed to determine the effect of PA on different types of DSC via a systematic review and meta-analysis.Methods:In accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses(PRISMA)guidelines,we searched for relevant studies in PubMed,Embase,Web of Science,Cochrane Library,and China National Knowledge Infrastructure.Using a random effects model,the relationship between PA and different types of DSC was analyzed.Results:The data used for meta-analysis were derived from 161 risk estimates in 47 studies involving 5,797,768 participants and 55,162 cases.We assessed the pooled associations between high vs.low PA levels and the risk of DSC(risk ratio(RR)=0.82,95%confidence interval(95%CI):0.79-0.85),colon cancer(RR=0.81,95%CI:0.76-0.87),rectal cancer(RR=0.88,95%CI:0.80-0.98),colorectal cancer(RR=0.77,95%CI:0.69-0.85),gallbladder cancer(RR=0.79,95%CI:0.64-0.98),gastric cancer(RR=0.83,95%CI:0.76-0.91),liver cancer(RR=0.73,0.60-0.89),oropharyngeal cancer(RR=0.79,95%CI:0.72-0.87),and pancreatic cancer(RR=0.85,95%CI:0.78-0.93).The findings were comparable between case-control studies(RR=0.73,95%CI:0.68-0.78)and prospective cohort studies(RR=0.88,95%CI:0.80-0.91).The meta-analysis of 9 studies reporting low,moderate,and high PA levels,with 17 risk estimates,showed that compared to low PA,moderate PA may also reduce the risk of DSC(RR=0.89,95%CI:0.80-1.00),while compared to moderate PA,high PA seemed to slightly increase the risk of DSC,although the results were not statistically significant(RR=1.11,95%CI:0.94-1.32).In addition,limited evidence from 5 studies suggested that meeting the international PA guidelines might not significantly reduce the risk of DSC(RR=0.96,95%CI:0.91-1.02).Conclusion:Compared to previous research,this systematic review has provided more comprehensive information about the inverse relationship between PA and DSC risk.The updated evidence from the current meta-analysis indicates that a moderate-to-high PA level is a common protective factor that can significantly lower the overall risk of DSC.However,the reduction rate for specific cancers may vary.In addition,limited evidence suggests that meeting the international PA guidelines might not significantly reduce the risk of DSC.Thus,future studies must be conducted to determine the optimal dosage,frequency,intensity,and duration of PA required to reduce DSC risk effectively.

An In Vivo Experimental Validation of a Computational Model of Human Foot

Reliable computational foot models offer an alternative means to enhance knowledge on the biomechanics of human foot. Model validation is one of the most critical aspects of the entire foot modeling and analysis process.This paper presents an in vivo experiment combining motion capture system and plantar pressure measure platform to validate a three-dimensional finite element model of human foot.The Magnetic Resonance Imaging(MRI)slices for the foot modeling and the experimental data for validation were both collected from the same volunteer subject.The validated components included the comparison of static model predictions of plantar force,plantar pressure and foot surface deformation during six loading conditions,to equivalent measured data.During the whole experiment,foot surface deformation,plantar force and plantar pressure were recorded simultaneously during six different loaded standing conditions.The predictions of the current FE model were in good agreement with these experimental results.

Intervention Effects of the School-Based Health Promotion Program“Join the Healthy Boat”on Motor Abilities of Children with Migration Background

Purpose: Motor abilities of migrant children show worse performance compared with children without migration background. This study investigated whether a one-year intervention, which aimed to increase physical activity (PA), could influence the motor performance of these children positively. Methods: A sub-sample of 525 migrant children (7.1 ± 0.7 years;48.6% male), participated in the study and included an intervention (IG) and control group (CG). The Dordel-Koch-Test was used to assess motor performance. An exploratory factor analysis was performed. Differences between IG and CG were examined using ANCOVA. Results: Boys in the IG showed a significant improvement in the conditional skills (F(1, 201) = 8.02, p ≤ 0.005) and girls showed a tendency towards better results. Additionally, girls showed a significant improvement in flexibility (F(1, 226) = 10.72, p ≤ 0.01) compared with the CG. Conclusion: The intervention affects parts of motor skills of migrant children significantly. Future interventions should aim at a target-group-specific promotion to get a holistic improvement in their motor abilities.

The effects of plyometric jump training on physical fitness attributes in basketball players:A meta-analysis`

Background:There is a growing body of experimental evidence examining the effects of plyometric jump training(PJT)on physical fitness attributes in basketball players;however,this evidence has not yet been comprehensively and systematically aggregated.Therefore,our objective was to meta-analyze the effects of PJT on physical fitness attributes in basketball players,in comparison to a control condition.Methods:A systematic literature search was conducted in the databases PubMed,Web of Science,and Scopus,up to July 2020.Peer-reviewed controlled trials with baseline and follow-up measurements investigating the effects of PJT on physical fitness attributes(muscle power,i.e.,jumping performance,linear sprint speed,change-of-direction speed,balance,and muscle strength)in basketball players,with no restrictions on their playing level,sex,or age.Hedge’s g effect sizes(ES)were calculated for physical fitness variables.Using a random-effects model,potential sources of heterogeneity were selected,including subgroup analyses(age,sex,body mass,and height)and single training factor analysis(program duration,training frequency,and total number of training sessions).Computation of metaregression was also performed.Results:Thirty-two studies were included,involving 818 total basketball players.Significant(p<0.05)small-to-large effects of PJT were evident on vertical jump power(ES=0.45),countermovement jump height with(ES=1.24)and without arm swing(ES=0.88),squat jump height(ES=0.80),drop jump height(ES=0.53),horizontal jump distance(ES=0.65),linear sprint time across distances≤10 m(ES=1.67)and>10 m(ES=0.92),change-of-direction performance time across distances≤40 m(ES=1.15)and>40 m(ES=1.02),dynamic(ES=1.16)and static balance(ES=1.48),and maximal strength(ES=0.57).The meta-regression revealed that training duration,training frequency,and total number of sessions completed did not predict the effects of PJT on physical fitness attributes.Subgroup analysis indicated greater improvements in older compared to younger players in horizontal jump distance(>17.15 years,ES=2.11;≤17.15 years,ES=0.10;p<0.001),linear sprint time>10 m(>16.3 years,ES=1.83;≤16.3 years,ES=0.36;p=0.010),and change-of-direction performance time≤40 m(>16.3 years,ES=1.65;≤16.3 years,ES=0.75;p=0.005).Greater increases in horizontal jump distance were apparent with>2 compared with≤2 weekly PJT sessions(ES=2.12 and ES=0.39,respectively;p<0.001).Conclusion:Data from 32 studies(28 of which demonstrate moderate-to-high methodological quality)indicate PJT improves muscle power,linear sprint speed,change-of-direction speed,balance,and muscle strength in basketball players independent of sex,age,or PJT program variables.However,the beneficial effects of PJT as measured by horizontal jump distance,linear sprint time>10 m,and change-of-direction performance time≤40 m,appear to be more evident among older basketball players.

Parabiotic strategy alleviate Alzheimer s neuropathology through peripheral cireulation

To investigate the impact of systemic circulation on Alzheimer's disease(AD)like neuropathology and the recruitment of peripheral immune cells to the brain in the pathogenic process of AD.We performed parabiotic surgeries between C57BL/6(B6)congenic APP/PS1 transgenic(Tg)mice(ParaAPP/PS1)and sex/age matched B6 congenic green-fluorescent-protein(GFP;βactin promoter)Tg mice(ParaWT)at3 to6 months.The mice remained parabiosed until 7 to 10 months,followed by dissection for tissue collection and analyses.

Low back pain-related meta-analysis:Caution is needed when interpreting published research results

The systematic reviews(SRs) including a meta-analysis are considered as the top level of evidence.Although the existence of more than a hundred of low back pain(LBP)-related SRs seems very appealing and might therefore suggest significant evidence on the topic,adeep analysis indicates that several of these SRs included only very few studies.Other SRs raise concerns because they included some randomized controlled trials which had a low methodological quality,or some studies which differed significantly regarding the studied populations and/or the experimental procedure.The sometimes controversial results of different SRs conducted on the same topic also highlight the significant influence of the inclusion/exclusion criteria used in the SRs to select the articles.To conclude,although meta-analysis is at the top of the evidence pyramid and have several strengths,the conclusions drawn from SRs should always be interpreted with caution because they can also have weaknesses.This is true,whether it be for LBP-related SRs including a meta-analysis,or any other.Therefore a critical analysis of any SR is always needed before integrating the results of the SR in its own clinical practice.Furthermore,clinical reasoning remains crucial,especially to consider the potential differences between one's patient and the patients included in the meta-analysis.

Effects of Manshenkangning Prescription on Adenine-induced Renal Interstitial Fibrosis in Rats

[Objectives]To study the protective effects of Manshenkangning Prescription on adenine-induced renal interstitial fibrosis in rats,and explore the possible mechanism.[Methods]Sixty Wistar male rats were divided into normal group,model group,control group(administered with 10 mg/(kg·d)losartan)and high,medium and low dose experimental groups(30,15,7.5 mg/(kg·d)Manshenkangning).The rat models of renal interstitial fibrosis were induced by intragastric administration of adenine(250 mg/(kg·d)).After 2 h,the above drugs were administered intragastrically for 21 consecutive days and the administration time was 30 consecutive days.Serum creatinine(SCr),blood urea nitrogen(BUN),24 h urinary protein(24 h MTP)and glomerular filtration rate(eGFR)were measured by biochemical method;renal histopathological changes were observed by hematoxylin-eosin(HE)staining.Renal collagen deposition in rats was observed by Masson staining.[Results]The SCr in model group and the high,medium and low dose experimental groups were(340.00±22.99),(176.80±18.60),(234.75±13.59),(266.11±14.78)μmol/L,and BUN were(23.74±2.51),(14.53±2.25),(18.78±0.88),(18.90±2.14)mmol/L;24 h MTP were(675.86±74.58),(323.81±41.83),(438.84±34.69),(493.76±37.04)mg/d;eGFR were(19.30±2.48),(49.96±10.95),(32.61±10.75),(27.18±5.98)mL/min,and the difference was statistically significant compared with the normal group(all P<0.05).HE staining and Masson staining showed that compared with normal group,the renal interstitial lesions in model group were severe and the renal interstitial collagen material was deposited in a large amount.The renal interstitial tubule injury was relieved and the renal interstitial collagen deposition was reduced in experimental groups.And the difference was statistically significant(all P<0.01).[Conclusions]Manshenkangning can significantly protect the kidney against the progress of interstitial fibrosis in rats.Its possible mechanism is to regulate the activity of SIRT1 and inhibit the expression of COX-2 in order to resist the inflammatory reaction of kidney and improve the ability of anti-oxidative stress of kidney,thus delaying the occurrence and development of chronic renal failure.

Plantar Fascia and Foot Structure and Function in Living Individual： A Literature Review

The purpose of this literature review is better comprehension about role of the plantar fascia on the structure （arch height） and function （adaptation） of the foot and ankle in living individual. It has long been accepted that plantar fascia supports medial longitudinal arch both in weight bearing and locomotion. Literatures were reviewed through a systematic method. First, current knowledge about plantar fascia properties were established and analyzed; second, previous studies and methods to study plantar fascia were analyzed; finally, the problems in previous researches to study plantar fascia were argued. It was found that plantar fascia affects foot arch and foot adaptation under vertical load in living individual. In accordance with results of this literature review, the modification of plantar fascia thickness under vertical load is specific property of the plantar fascia in living individual. Additionally, the specific property of plantar fascia can help clinicians to diagnose the necessity of plantar fascia assessment along its length.

Urinary bladder cancer as a late sequela of traumatic spinal cord injury

Background:Traumatic spinal cord injury(SCI)is also a combat-related injury that is increasing in modern warfare.The aim of this work is to inform medical experts regarding the different course of bladder cancer in able-bodied patients compared with SCI patients based on the latest medical scientific knowledge,and to present decision-making aids for the assessment of bladder cancer as a late sequela of traumatic SCI.Methods:A study conducted between January 1998 and December 2019 in the BG Trauma Hospital Hamburg formed the basis for the decision-making aids.Urinary bladder cancer was diagnosed in 40 out of 7396 treated outpatient and inpatient SCI patients.General patient information,latency period,age at initial diagnosis,type of bladder management and survival of SCI patients with bladder cancer were collected and analysed.T category,grading and tumor entity in these patients were compared with those in the general population.Relevant bladder cancer risk factors in SCI patients were analysed.Furthermore,relevant published literature was taken into consideration.Results:Initial diagnosis of urinary bladder cancer in SCI patients occurs at a mean age of 56.4 years(SD±10.7 years),i.e.,approximately 20 years earlier as compared with the general population.These bladder cancers are significantly more frequently muscle invasive(i.e.,T category≥T2)and present a higher grade at initial diagnosis.Furthermore,SCI patients show a significantly higher proportion of the more aggressive squamous cell carcinoma than that of the general population in areas not endemic for the tropical disease schistosomiasis.Consequently,the survival time is extremely unfavourable.A very important finding,for practical reasons is that,in the Hamburg study as well as in the literature,urinary bladder cancer is more frequently observed after 10 years or more of SCI.Based on these findings,a matrix was compiled where the various influencing factors,either for or against the recognition of an association between SCI and urinary bladder cancer,were weighted according to their relevance.Conclusions:The results showed that urinary bladder cancer in SCI patients differs considerably from that in ablebodied patients.The presented algorithm is an important aid in everyday clinical practice for assessing the correlation between SCI and bladder cancer.

Advances in the study of protein folding and endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation in mammal cells

The endoplasmic reticulum is a key site for protein production and quality control.More than one-third of proteins are synthesized and folded into the correct three-dimensional conformation in the endoplasmic reticulum.However,during protein folding,unfolded and/or misfolded proteins are prone to occur,which may lead to endoplasmic reticulum stress.Organisms can monitor the quality of the proteins produced by endoplasmic reticulum quality control(ERQC)and endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation(ERAD),which maintain endoplasmic reticulum protein homeostasis by degrading abnormally folded proteins.The underlying mechanisms of protein folding and ERAD in mammals have not yet been fully explored.Therefore,this paper reviews the process and function of protein folding and ERAD in mammalian cells,in order to help clinicians better understand the mechanism of ERAD and to provide a scientific reference for the treatment of diseases caused by abnormal ERAD.

Advances in the study of mitophagy in osteoarthritis

Osteoarthritis(OA),characterized by cartilage degeneration,synovial inflammation,and subchondral bone remodeling,is among the most common musculoskeletal disorders globally in people over 60 years of age.The initiation and progression of OA involves the abnormal metabolism of chondrocytes as an important pathogenic process.Cartilage degeneration features mitochondrial dysfunction as one of the important causative factors of abnormal chondrocyte metabolism.Therefore,maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis is an important strategy to mitigate OA.Mitophagy is a vital process for autophagosomes to target,engulf,and remove damaged and dysfunctional mitochondria,thereby maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis.Cumulative studies have revealed a strong association between mitophagy and OA,suggesting that the regulation of mitophagy may be a novel therapeutic direction for OA.By reviewing the literature on mitophagy and OA published in recent years,this paper elaborates the potential mechanism of mitophagy regulating OA,thus providing a theoretical basis for studies related to mitophagy to develop new treatment options for OA.

Understanding of myofascial trigger points

Objective To investigate the current practice of myofascial pain syndrome （MPS） including current epidemiology, pathology, diagnosis and treatment. Data sources The data analyzed in this review were mainly from relevant articles without restriction on the publication date reported in PubMed, MedSci, Google scholar. The terms ＂myofasial trigger points＂ and ＂myofacial pain syndrome＂ were used for the literature search. Study selection Original articles with no limitation of research design and critical reviews containing data relevant to myofascial trigger points （MTrPs） and MPS were retrieved, reviewed, analyzed and summarized. Results Myofascial pain syndrome （MPS） is characterized by painful taut band, referred pain, and local response twitch with a prevalence of 85% to 95% of incidence. Several factors link to the etiology of MTrPs, such as the chronic injury and overload of muscles. Other factors, such as certain nutrient and hormone insufficiency, comorbidities, and muscle imbalance may also maintain the MTrP in an active status and induce recurrent pain. The current pathology is that an extra leakage acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction induces persistent contracture knots, relative to some hypotheses of integration, muscle spindle discharges, spinal segment sensitization, ect. MTrPs can be diagnosed and localized based on a few subjective criteria. Several approaches, including both direct and supplementary treatments, can inactivate MTrPs. Direct treatments are categorized into invasive and conservative. Conclusion This review provides a clear understanding of MTrP pain and introduces the most useful treatment approaches in China.

A Pre-game Evaluation of the Tourism Legacy of the Beijing 2022 Winter Olympic Games

The role of tourism in social and economic development and stabilizing the Olympic legacy has been widely discussed.Beijing is the first“Dual-Olympic City”.For the first time,the Beijing Winter Olympics has adopted a model of three competition areas,which has attracted much attention to the study of its tourism legacy.In the legacy plan,the construction of the“Beijing-Zhangjiakou Sports Culture and Tourism Belt”was proposed.The development of ice and snow tourism and the cultivation of the ice and snow tourism market is also reflected in many policy documents and government actions.The scientific planning before the competition laid a good foundation for the sustainable development of its ice and snow tourism heritage.This research combines Olympic legacy research with tourism destination theory,and focuses on ice and snow tourism directly related to the Winter Olympics and the significance of pre-event planning for legacy protection.At the same time,the improvement of the quality of ice and snow tourism destinations is embedded in the pre-Olympic legacy,and opinions and suggestions on how to ensure the stability of the legacy after the games are given.This study uses the literature review method and the second-hand materials survey research method,then through establishing a tourism legacy pre-game evaluation model and the use of geographic information,government reports,policies,publicly released statistics and news reports,etc..It explores the legacy of the Beijing 2022 Winter Olympics and Paralympics,aiming to lay the foundation for preserving the continuous value of the ice and snow tourism legacy during and after the Olympics.The results indicate that the Beijing Winter Olympics has made relatively complete plans and reliable progress in both tangible and intangible legacy.Complete tourism infrastructure,an optimistic sport and cultural atmosphere,and the improvement of residents’health concept and sports awareness have become boosters for the development of ice and snow tourism in the Beijing-Zhangjiakou region.