Small bowel perforation after duodenal stent migration:An interesting case of a rare complication

Duodenal stents are frequently used for palliating malignant gastric outlet obstruction.Successful stent placement relieves obstructive symptoms,is cost effective,and has a relatively low complication rate.However,enteral stents have the potential of migrating distally and rarely,even lead to bowel perforation.We present a rare case of a duodenal stent placed as a palliative measure for gastric outlet obstruction due to unresectable pancreatic cancer that migrated distally after a gastrojejunostomy resulting in small bowel perforation.

Molecular pathophysiology of Bartter's and Gitelman's syndromes

Background:In the last two decades,progress in cytogenetic and genome research has enabled investigators to unravel the underlying molecular mechanisms of inherited tubulopathies such as Bartter's and Gitelman's syndromes and helped physicians to better understand not only these two pathologic entities but also renal pathophysiology and salt sensitive hypertension.Data sources:Articles collected from PubMed and open access journals included original articles,research articles,and comprehensive reviews.They were evaluated by the authors with an special emphasis on originality and up to date information about molecular pathophysiology.Results:Bartter's and Gitelman's syndromes are two different inherited salt loosing tubulopathies.They are characterized by various inability of distal nephron to reabsorb sodium chloride with resultant extarcellular volume contraction and increased activity of the renin angiotensin aldosterone system.Hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis is a common feature of these two forms of tubulopathies.Hypercalciuria characterizes the majority of Bartter's syndrome,and hypomagnesemia with hypocalciuria characterizes Gitelman's syndrome.Low blood pressure is a common feature among patients who suffered from these tubulopathies.Bartter's syndromes encompass a heterogeneous group of ion channels defects localized at the thick ascending limp of Henle's loop with resultant loss of function of sodium-potassium-2 chloride cotransporter.These defects result in the impairment of the countercurrent multiplication system of the kidney as well as calcium,potassium and acid base disturbances which in the majority of cases are proved lethal especially in the antenatal and/or immediate postnatal life period.The underlying pathology in Gitelman's syndrome is defined to the distal convoluted tubule and is related to loss of function of the sodium-chloride cotransporter.The results of this defect encompass the inability of extracellular volume homeostasis,magnesium and potassium conservation,and acid base disturbances which are generally mild and in the majority of cases are not life-threatening.Conclusions:Recent advances in molecular patho­physiology of Bartter's and Gitelman's syndromes have helped physicians to better understand the underlying mechanisms of these pathologic entities which remain obscure.Data collected from experiments among genetically manipulated animals enable us to better understand the pathophysiology of mammalian kidney and the underlying mechanisms of salt sensitive hypertension and to lay a foundation for the future development of new drugs,especially diuretics and antihypertensive drugs.