Applications of multi-dimensional schemes on unstructured grids for high-accuracy heat flux prediction

The simulation of hypersonic flows with fully unstructured(tetrahedral)grids has severe problems with respect to the prediction of stagnation region heating,due to the random face orientation without alignment to the bow shock.To improve the accuracy of aero-heating predictions,three multi-dimensional approaches on unstructured grids are coupled in our Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes(RANS)solver,including multi-dimensional upwind flux reconstruction(MUP),multi-dimensional limiter(MLP-u2)and multi-dimensional gradient reconstruction(MLR).The coupled multi-dimensional RANS solver is validated by several typical verification and validation(V&V)cases,including hypersonic flows over a cylinder,a blunt biconic,and a double-ellipsoid,with commonly used prism/tetrahedral hybrid grids.Finally,the coupled multi-dimensional solver is applied to simulating the heat flux distribution over a 3D engineering configuration,i.e.a Hermes-like space shuttle model.The obtained numerical results are compared with experimental data.The predicted results demonstrate that the coupled multi-dimensional approach has a good prediction capability on aerodynamic heating over a wide range of complex engineering configurations.