Fire protection is an essential public service but also one of the costliest ones.Considerable resources are devoted to fire protection including equipment,staff,training,and the facilities to house them.Fire stations...Fire protection is an essential public service but also one of the costliest ones.Considerable resources are devoted to fire protection including equipment,staff,training,and the facilities to house them.Fire stations,in particular,have a significant cost impact on state and municipal budgets.Fire stations are required in most local governments and like other municipal buildings are central to identity.To limit the cost of operating a fire station,municipalities have looked to more green building options.Green-rating systems such as the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design(LEED)system have been used in the U.S.to assess green buildings.Thus,this paper aims to analyze 95 certified fire stations under the LEED-NC 2009 version(v3)that are located in the United States.A scorecard analysis(credits and points)of public data available serve as the foundation to describe the status of the green design and construction of these fire stations.The findings indicate that the points in the Material Resources(MR)category are achieved at the lowest rate compared to the other categories,on average 38%of 14 available points were earned.In addition,the points in the Energy and Atmosphere(EA)category are one of the lowest achievement rates,equal to 40.2%.The data also shows that 82%of LEED-certified fire stations belong to career or mostly career type,which are municipality fire departments funded by local governments.The significance of this study is to demonstrate the importance of both MR and EA categories for the design and construction phases of green fire stations.展开更多
Many loved beverages worldwide are derived from plants.Some of the most important and popular examples of these beverage crops are tea,coffee,and cacao,which provide great economic value from source to consumption acr...Many loved beverages worldwide are derived from plants.Some of the most important and popular examples of these beverage crops are tea,coffee,and cacao,which provide great economic value from source to consumption across the world.The buds and tender leaves of the tea plant(Camellia sinensis)can be used to make various tea products by specific processing or manufacture methods.The seeds(beans)of the coffee(Coffea arabica and C.canephora)and cacao(Theobroma cacao)trees once roasted create products with complex aromas and tastes loved by many on a daily basis.As the most popular non-alcoholic drinks in the world outside of pure water,they each contain an abundant mixture of specific secondary metabolites.These secondary metabolites not only give the beverage unique aroma,taste and flavor,they also have been correlated or directly shown through hundreds of clinical peer reviewed studies to benefit human health.These extensive studies have been reported and indicated that and tea,coffee,and cacao drinks are able to reduce the risk of memory disorders,Parkinson's disease,type-2 diabetes,cancer,and so much more.Many other crops have also been used for beverage making,such as cacti,coconut,etc.展开更多
文摘Fire protection is an essential public service but also one of the costliest ones.Considerable resources are devoted to fire protection including equipment,staff,training,and the facilities to house them.Fire stations,in particular,have a significant cost impact on state and municipal budgets.Fire stations are required in most local governments and like other municipal buildings are central to identity.To limit the cost of operating a fire station,municipalities have looked to more green building options.Green-rating systems such as the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design(LEED)system have been used in the U.S.to assess green buildings.Thus,this paper aims to analyze 95 certified fire stations under the LEED-NC 2009 version(v3)that are located in the United States.A scorecard analysis(credits and points)of public data available serve as the foundation to describe the status of the green design and construction of these fire stations.The findings indicate that the points in the Material Resources(MR)category are achieved at the lowest rate compared to the other categories,on average 38%of 14 available points were earned.In addition,the points in the Energy and Atmosphere(EA)category are one of the lowest achievement rates,equal to 40.2%.The data also shows that 82%of LEED-certified fire stations belong to career or mostly career type,which are municipality fire departments funded by local governments.The significance of this study is to demonstrate the importance of both MR and EA categories for the design and construction phases of green fire stations.
文摘Many loved beverages worldwide are derived from plants.Some of the most important and popular examples of these beverage crops are tea,coffee,and cacao,which provide great economic value from source to consumption across the world.The buds and tender leaves of the tea plant(Camellia sinensis)can be used to make various tea products by specific processing or manufacture methods.The seeds(beans)of the coffee(Coffea arabica and C.canephora)and cacao(Theobroma cacao)trees once roasted create products with complex aromas and tastes loved by many on a daily basis.As the most popular non-alcoholic drinks in the world outside of pure water,they each contain an abundant mixture of specific secondary metabolites.These secondary metabolites not only give the beverage unique aroma,taste and flavor,they also have been correlated or directly shown through hundreds of clinical peer reviewed studies to benefit human health.These extensive studies have been reported and indicated that and tea,coffee,and cacao drinks are able to reduce the risk of memory disorders,Parkinson's disease,type-2 diabetes,cancer,and so much more.Many other crops have also been used for beverage making,such as cacti,coconut,etc.
