Trehalose(Tre)is a non-reducing disaccharide found in many species,including bacteria,fungi,invertebrates,yeast,and even plants,where it acts as an osmoprotectant,energy source,or protein/membrane protector.Despite re...Trehalose(Tre)is a non-reducing disaccharide found in many species,including bacteria,fungi,invertebrates,yeast,and even plants,where it acts as an osmoprotectant,energy source,or protein/membrane protector.Despite relatively small amounts in plants,Tre concentrations increase following exposure to abiotic stressors.Trehalose-6-phosphate,a precursor of Tre,has regulatory functions in sugar metabolism,crop production,and stress tolerance.Among the various abiotic stresses,temperature extremes(heat or cold stress)are anticipated to impact crop production worldwide due to ongoing climate changes.Applying small amounts of Tre can mitigate negative physiological,metabolic,and molecular responses triggered by temperature stress.Trehalose also interacts with other sugars,osmoprotectants,amino acids,and phytohormones to regulate metabolic reprogramming that underpins temperature stress adaptation.Transformed plants expressing Tre-synthesis genes accumulate Tre and show improved stress tolerance.Genome-wide studies of Tre-encoding genes suggest roles in plant growth,development,and stress tolerance.This review discusses the functions of Tre in mitigating temperature stress—highlighting genetic engineering approaches to modify Tre metabolism,crosstalk,and interactions with other molecules—and in-silico approaches for identifying novel Tre-encoding genes in diverse plant species.We consider how this knowledge can be used to develop temperature-resilient crops essential for sustainable agriculture.展开更多
Pea(Pisum sativum L.)is an annual cool-season legume crop.Owing to its role in sustainable agriculture as both a rotation and a cash crop,its global market is expanding and increased production is urgently needed.For ...Pea(Pisum sativum L.)is an annual cool-season legume crop.Owing to its role in sustainable agriculture as both a rotation and a cash crop,its global market is expanding and increased production is urgently needed.For both technical and regulatory reasons,neither conventional nor transgenic breeding techniques can keep pace with the demand for increased production.In answer to this challenge,CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing technology has been gaining traction in plant biology and crop breeding in recent years.However,there are currently no reports of the successful application of the CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing technology in pea.We developed a transient transformation system of hairy roots,mediated by Agrobacterium rhizogenes strain K599,to validate the efficiency of a CRISPR/Cas9 system.Further optimization resulted in an efficient vector,PsU6.3-tRNA-PsPDS3-en35S-PsCas9.We used this optimized CRISPR/Cas9 system to edit the pea phytoene desaturase(PsPDS)gene,causing albinism,by Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation.This is the first report of successful generation of gene-edited pea plants by this route.展开更多
1.Tenth anniversary of The Crop Journal The Crop Journal will be 10 years old in October 2023.The journal is sponsored by the Crop Science Society of China,the Institute of Crop Sciences,Chinese Academy of Agricultura...1.Tenth anniversary of The Crop Journal The Crop Journal will be 10 years old in October 2023.The journal is sponsored by the Crop Science Society of China,the Institute of Crop Sciences,Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,and China Science Publishing&Media Group Ltd.(Science Press).It is published by Science Press and Ke Ai (founded by China Science Publishing&Media Ltd.and Elsevier).展开更多
Wheat leaf senescence is a developmental process that involves expressional changes in thousands of genes that ultimately impact grain protein content(GPC), grain yield(GY), and nitrogen use efficiency.The onset and r...Wheat leaf senescence is a developmental process that involves expressional changes in thousands of genes that ultimately impact grain protein content(GPC), grain yield(GY), and nitrogen use efficiency.The onset and rate of senescence are strongly influenced by plant hormones and environmental factors e.g. nitrogen availability. At maturity, decrease in nitrogen uptake could enhance N remobilization from leaves and stem to grain, eventually leading to leaf senescence. Early senescence is related to high GPC and somewhat low yield whereas late senescence is often related to high yield and somewhat low GPC. Early or late senescence is principally regulated by up and down-regulation of senescence associated genes. Integration of external and internal factors together with genotypic variation influence senescence associated genes in a developmental age dependent manner. Although regulation of genes involved in senescence has been studied in rice, Arabidopsis, maize, and currently in wheat, there are genotypespecific variations yet to explore. A major effort is needed to understand the interaction of positive and negative senescence regulators in determining the onset of senescence. In wheat, increasing attention has been paid to understand the role of positive senescence regulator, e.g. GPC-1, regulated gene network during early senescence time course. Recently, gene regulatory network involved early to late senescence time course revealed important senescence regulators. However, the known negative senescence regulator Ta NAC-S gene has not been extensively studied in wheat and little is known about its value in breeding. Existing data on senescence-related transcriptome studies and gene regulatory network could effectively be used for functional study in developing nitrogen efficient wheat varieties.展开更多
Crop genetic improvements catalysed population growth,which in turn has increased the pressure for food security.We need to produce 70%more food to meet the demands of 9.5 billion people by 2050.Climate changes have p...Crop genetic improvements catalysed population growth,which in turn has increased the pressure for food security.We need to produce 70%more food to meet the demands of 9.5 billion people by 2050.Climate changes have posed challenges for global food supply,while the narrow genetic base of elite crop cultivars has further limited our capacity to increase genetic gain through conventional breeding.The effective utilization of genetic resources in germplasm collections for crop improvement is crucial to increasing genetic gain to address challenges in the global food supply.Genomic selection(GS)uses genome-wide markers and phenotype information from observed populations to establish associations,followed by genome-wide markers to predict phenotypic values in test populations.Characterizing an extensive germplasm collection can serve a dual purpose in GS,as a reference population for predicting model,and mining desirable genetic variants for incorporation into elite cultivars.New technologies,such as high-throughput genotyping and phenotyping,machine learning,and gene editing,have great potential to contribute to genomeassisted breeding.Breeding programmes integrating germplasm characterization,GS and emerging technologies offer promise for accelerating the development of cultivars with improved yield and enhanced resistance and tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses.Finally,scientifically informed regulations on new breeding technologies,and increased sharing of genetic resources,genomic data,and bioinformatics expertise between developed and developing economies will be the key to meeting the challenges of the rapidly changing climate and increased demand for food.展开更多
Grain kernel discoloration(KD)in cereal crops leads to down-grading grain quality and substantial economic losses worldwide.Breeding KD tolerant varieties requires a clear understanding of the genetic basis underlying...Grain kernel discoloration(KD)in cereal crops leads to down-grading grain quality and substantial economic losses worldwide.Breeding KD tolerant varieties requires a clear understanding of the genetic basis underlying this trait.Here,we generated a high-density single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs)map for a diverse barley germplasm and collected trait data from two independent field trials for five KD related traits:grain brightness(TL),redness(Ta),yellowness(Tb),black point impact(Tbpi),and total black point in percentage(Tbpt).Although grain brightness and black point is genetically correlated,the grain brightness traits(TL,Ta,and Tb)have significantly higher heritability than that of the black point traits(Tbpt and Tbpi),suggesting black point traits may be more susceptible to environmental influence.Using genome-wide association studies(GWAS),we identified a total of 37 quantitative trait loci(QTL),including two major QTL hotspots on chromosomes 4H and 7H,respectively.The two QTL hotspots are associated with all five KD traits.Further genetic linkage and gene transcription analyses identified candidate genes for the grain KD,including several genes in the flavonoid pathway and plant peroxidase.Our study provides valuable insights into the genetic basis for the grain KD in barley and would greatly facilitate future breeding programs for improving grain KD resistance.展开更多
Basic vegetative period(BVP) is an important trait for determining flowering time and adaptation to variable environments.A short BVP barley mutant is about 30 d shorter than its wild type.Genetic analysis using 557...Basic vegetative period(BVP) is an important trait for determining flowering time and adaptation to variable environments.A short BVP barley mutant is about 30 d shorter than its wild type.Genetic analysis using 557 F 2 individuals revealed that the short BVP is governed by a single recessive gene(BVP-1) and was further validated in 2 090 F 3 individuals.The BVP-1 gene was first mapped to barley chromosome 1H using SSR markers.Comparative genomic analysis demonstrated that the chromosome region of BVP-1 is syntenic to rice chromosome 5 and Brachypodium chromosome 2.Barley ESTs/genes were identified after comparison with candidate genes in rice and Brachypodium;seven new gene-specific markers were developed and mapped in the mapping populations.The BVP-1 gene co-segregated with the Mot1 and Ftsh4 genes and was flanked by the gene-specific markers AK252360(0.2 cM) and CA608558(0.5 cM).Further analysis demonstrated that barley and wheat share the same short BVP gene controlling early flowering.展开更多
Salinity causes a detrimental impact on plant growth,particularly when the stress occurs during germination and early development stages.Barley is one of the most salt-tolerant crops;previously we mapped two quantitat...Salinity causes a detrimental impact on plant growth,particularly when the stress occurs during germination and early development stages.Barley is one of the most salt-tolerant crops;previously we mapped two quantitative trait loci(QTL)for salinity tolerance during germination on the short arm of chromosome 2 H using a CM72/Gairdner doubled haploid(DH)population.Here,we narrowed down the major QTL to a region of 0.341 or 0.439 Mb containing 9 or 24 candidate genes belonging to 6 or 20 functional gene families according to barley reference genomes v1 and v3 respectively,using two DH populations of CM72/Gairdner and Skiff/CM72,F_(2)and F;generations of CM72/Gairdner/;Spartacus CL,Two Receptorlike kinase 4(RLPK4)v1 or Receptor-like kinase(RLK)v3 could be the candidates for enhanced germination under salinity stress because of their upregulated expression in salt-tolerant variety CM72.Besides,several insertion/deletion polymorphisms were identified within the 3 rd exon of the genes between CM72 and Gairdner.The sequence variations resulted in shifted functional protein domains,which may be associated with differences in salinity tolerance.Two molecular markers were designed for selecting the locus with receptor-like protein kinase 4,and one was inside HORVU2 Hr1 G111760.1 or HORVU.MOREX.r3.2 HG0202810.1.The diagnostic markers will allow for pyramiding of 2 H locus in barley varieties and facilitate genetic improvement for saline soils.Further,validation of the genes to elucidate the mechanisms involved in enhancing salinity tolerance at germination and designing RLPK4 specific markers is proposed.For this publication,all the analysis was based on barley reference genome of2017(v1),and it was used throughout for consistence.However,the positions of the markers and genes identified were updated according to new genome(v3)for reference.展开更多
Reproductive stage frost poses a major constraint for wheat production in countries such as Australia.However,little progress has been made in identifying key genes to overcome the constraint.In the present study,a se...Reproductive stage frost poses a major constraint for wheat production in countries such as Australia.However,little progress has been made in identifying key genes to overcome the constraint.In the present study,a severe frost event hit two large-scale field trials consisting of six doubled haploid(DH)wheat populations at reproductive stage(young microspore stage)in Western Australia,leading to the identification of 30 robust frost QTL on 17 chromosomes.The major 18 QTL with the phenotype variation over 9.5%were located on 13 chromosomes including 2 A,2 B,2 D,3 A,4 A,4 B,4 D,5 A,5 D,6 D,7 A,7 B and7 D.Most frost QTL were closely linked to the QTL of anthesis,maturity,Zadok stages as well as linked to anthesis related genes.Out of those,six QTL were repetitively detected on the homologous regions on 2 B,4 B,4 D,5 A,5 D,7 A in more than two populations.Results showed that the frost damage is associated with alleles of Vrn-A1 a,Vrn-D1 a,Rht-B1 b,Rht-D1 b,and the high copy number of Ppd-B1.However,anthesis QTL and anthesis related genes of Vrn-B1 a and Ta FT3-1 B on chromosomes 5 B and 1 B did not lead to frost damage,indicating that these early-flowering phenotype related genes are compatible with frost tolerance and thus can be utilised in breeding.Our results also indicate that wild-type alleles Rht-B1 a and Rht-D1 a can be used when breeding for frost-tolerant varieties without delaying flowering time.展开更多
Wheat(Triticum aestivum)is among the most important staple crops for safeguarding the food security of the growing world population.To bridge the gap between genebank diversity and breeding programs,we developed an ad...Wheat(Triticum aestivum)is among the most important staple crops for safeguarding the food security of the growing world population.To bridge the gap between genebank diversity and breeding programs,we developed an advanced backcross-nested association mapping plus inter-crossed population(AB-NAMIC)by crossing three popular wheat cultivars as recurrent founders to 20 germplasm lines from a mini core collection.Selective backcrossing combined with selection against undesirable traits and extensive crossing within and between sub-populations created new opportunities to detect unknown genes and increase the frequency of beneficial alleles in the AB-NAMIC population.We performed phenotyping of 590 AB-NAMIC lines and a natural panel of 476 cultivars for six consecutive growing seasons and genotyped these 1066 lines with a 660K SNP array.Genome-wide association studies of both panels for plant development and yield traits demonstrated improved power to detect rare alleles and loci with medium genetic effects in AB-NAMIC.Notably,genome-wide association studies in AB-NAMIC detected the candidate gene TaSWEET6-7B(TraesCS7B03G1216700),which has high homology to the rice SWEET6b gene and exerts strong effects on adaptation and yield traits.The commercial release of two derived AB-NAMIC lines attests to its direct applicability in wheat improvement.Valuable information on genome-wide association studymapping,candidate genes,and their haplotypes for breeding traits are available through WheatGAB.Our research provides an excellent framework for fast-tracking exploration and accumulation of beneficial alleles stored in genebanks.展开更多
Crop wild relatives(CWRs)deliver untapped genetic diversity,as they contain valuable breeding traits absent in the cultivated pool,e.g.,traits imparting climate resilience.Facilitating genetic material from CWRs to br...Crop wild relatives(CWRs)deliver untapped genetic diversity,as they contain valuable breeding traits absent in the cultivated pool,e.g.,traits imparting climate resilience.Facilitating genetic material from CWRs to breeding programs can advance effective traits and broaden the genetic base of cultivated crops(Bohra et al.,2022).The availability of genetic diversity in crop breeding programs is important for accelerating crop production while safeguarding food safety and agricultural sustainability.Crop domestication and artificial selection have paved the way for crop cultivars tailored to evolving human requirements and modern cultivation practices.However,domestication and breeding have significantly reduced genetic diversity in modern crops(Khan et al.,2020;Bohra et al.,2022).Owing to the extensive genetic and phenotypic variability,CWRs serve as valuable genetic reservoirs for crop improvement(Bohra et al.,2022;Li et al.,2023).The use of CWRs in breeding programs is not that straightforward,as linkage drags often remain difficult to overcome.展开更多
The first paradigm of plant breeding involves direct selection-based phenotypic observation,followed by predictive breeding using statistical models for quantitative traits constructed based on genetic experimental de...The first paradigm of plant breeding involves direct selection-based phenotypic observation,followed by predictive breeding using statistical models for quantitative traits constructed based on genetic experimental design and,more recently,by incorporation of molecular marker genotypes.However,plant performance or phenotype(P)is determined by the combined effects of genotype(G),envirotype(E),and genotype by environment interaction(GEI).Phenotypes can be predicted more precisely by training a model using data collected from multiple sources,including spatiotemporal omics(genomics,phenomics,and enviromics across time and space).Integration of 3D information profiles(G-P-E),each with multidimensionality,provides predictive breeding with both tremendous opportunities and great challenges.Here,we first review innovative technologies for predictive breeding.We then evaluate multidimensional information profiles that can be integrated with a predictive breeding strategy,particularly envirotypic data,which have largely been neglected in data collection and are nearly untouched in model construction.We propose a smart breeding scheme,integrated genomic-enviromic prediction(iGEP),as an extension of genomic prediction,using integrated multiomics information,big data technology,and artificial intelligence(mainly focused on machine and deep learning).We discuss how to implement iGEP,including spatiotemporal models,environmental indices,factorial and spatiotemporal structure of plant breeding data,and cross-species prediction.A strategy is then proposed for prediction-based crop redesign at both the macro(individual,population,and species)and micro(gene,metabolism,and network)scales.Finally,we provide perspectives on translating smart breeding into genetic gain through integrative breeding platforms and open-source breeding initiatives.We call for coordinated efforts in smart breeding through iGEP,institutional partnerships,and innovative technological support.展开更多
Nitrogen is a major determinant of grain yield and quality.As excessive use of nitrogen fertilizer leads to environmental pollution and high production costs,improving nitrogen use efficiency(NUE)is fundamental for a ...Nitrogen is a major determinant of grain yield and quality.As excessive use of nitrogen fertilizer leads to environmental pollution and high production costs,improving nitrogen use efficiency(NUE)is fundamental for a sustainable agriculture.Here,we dissected the role of the barley abnormal cytokinin response1 repressor 1(Hv ARE1)gene,a candidate for involvement in NUE previously identified in a genome-wide association study,through natural variation analysis and clustered regularly interspacedshort palindromic repeats(CRISPR)/CRISPRassociated protein 9(Cas9)-mediated gene editing.Hv ARE1 was predominantly expressed in leaves and shoots,with very low expression in roots under low nitrogen conditions.Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation of immature embryos(cv.Golden Promise)with single guide RNAs targeting Hv ARE1 generated 22 T0 plants,from which four T1 lines harbored missense and/or frameshift mutations based on genotyping.Mutant are1 lines exhibited an increase in plant height,tiller number,grain protein content,and yield.Moreover,we observed a 1.5-to2.8-fold increase in total chlorophyll content in the flag leaf at the grain filling stage.Delayed senescence by 10–14 d was also observed in mutant lines.Barley are1 mutants had high nitrogen content in shoots under low nitrogen conditions.These findings demonstrate the potential of ARE1 in NUE improvement in barley.展开更多
Before the advent of the wheat genomic era, a wide range of studies were conducted to understand the chemistry and functions of the wheat storage proteins,which are the major determinants of wheat flour the suitabilit...Before the advent of the wheat genomic era, a wide range of studies were conducted to understand the chemistry and functions of the wheat storage proteins,which are the major determinants of wheat flour the suitability of wheat flour for various end products, such as bread, noodles and cakes.Wheat grain protein is divided into gluten and non-gluten fractions and the wheat processing quality mainly depends on the gluten fractions.Gluten provides the unique extensibility and elasticity of dough that are essential for various wheat end products.Disulfide bonds are formed between cysteine residues,which is the chemical bases for the physical properties of dough.Based on the SDS-extractability, grain protein is divided into SDS-unextractable polymeric protein(UPP)and SDS-extractable polymeric protein.The percentage of UPP is positively related to the formation of disulfide bonds in the dough matrix.In the wheat genomic era, new glutenins with long repetitive central domains that contain a high number of consensus hexapeptide and nonapeptide motifs as well as high content of cysteine and glutamine residues should be targeted.展开更多
Recalcitrance to tissue culture and genetic transformation is the major bottleneck for gene manipulation in crops.In barley,immature embryos of Golden Promise have typically been used as explants for transformation.Ho...Recalcitrance to tissue culture and genetic transformation is the major bottleneck for gene manipulation in crops.In barley,immature embryos of Golden Promise have typically been used as explants for transformation.However,the genotype dependence of this approach limits the genetic modification of commercial varieties.Here,we developed an anther culture-based system that permits the effective creation of transgenic and gene-edited plants from commercial barley varieties.The protocol was tested in Golden Promise and four Australian varieties,which differed in phenology,callus induction,and green plant regeneration responses.Agrobacterium-mediated transformation was performed on microspore-derived callus to target the HvPDS gene,and T0 albinos with targeted mutations were successfully obtained from commercial varieties.Further editing of three targets was achieved with an average mutation rate of 53%in the five varieties.In 51 analyzed T0 individuals,Cas9 induced a large proportion(69%)of single-base indels and two-base deletions in the target sites,with variable mutation rates among targets and varieties.Both ontarget and off-target activities were detected in T1 progenies.Compared with immature embryo protocols,this genotype-independent platformcan deliver a high editing efficiency and more regenerant plants within a similar time frame.It shows promise for functional genomics and the application of CRISPR technologies for the precise improvement of commercial varieties.展开更多
基金supported by the Food Futures Institute of Murdoch University to Rajeev K.Varshney.
文摘Trehalose(Tre)is a non-reducing disaccharide found in many species,including bacteria,fungi,invertebrates,yeast,and even plants,where it acts as an osmoprotectant,energy source,or protein/membrane protector.Despite relatively small amounts in plants,Tre concentrations increase following exposure to abiotic stressors.Trehalose-6-phosphate,a precursor of Tre,has regulatory functions in sugar metabolism,crop production,and stress tolerance.Among the various abiotic stresses,temperature extremes(heat or cold stress)are anticipated to impact crop production worldwide due to ongoing climate changes.Applying small amounts of Tre can mitigate negative physiological,metabolic,and molecular responses triggered by temperature stress.Trehalose also interacts with other sugars,osmoprotectants,amino acids,and phytohormones to regulate metabolic reprogramming that underpins temperature stress adaptation.Transformed plants expressing Tre-synthesis genes accumulate Tre and show improved stress tolerance.Genome-wide studies of Tre-encoding genes suggest roles in plant growth,development,and stress tolerance.This review discusses the functions of Tre in mitigating temperature stress—highlighting genetic engineering approaches to modify Tre metabolism,crosstalk,and interactions with other molecules—and in-silico approaches for identifying novel Tre-encoding genes in diverse plant species.We consider how this knowledge can be used to develop temperature-resilient crops essential for sustainable agriculture.
基金the financial support of the China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA-Food Legumes(CARS-08)the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program(ASTIP)of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences。
文摘Pea(Pisum sativum L.)is an annual cool-season legume crop.Owing to its role in sustainable agriculture as both a rotation and a cash crop,its global market is expanding and increased production is urgently needed.For both technical and regulatory reasons,neither conventional nor transgenic breeding techniques can keep pace with the demand for increased production.In answer to this challenge,CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing technology has been gaining traction in plant biology and crop breeding in recent years.However,there are currently no reports of the successful application of the CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing technology in pea.We developed a transient transformation system of hairy roots,mediated by Agrobacterium rhizogenes strain K599,to validate the efficiency of a CRISPR/Cas9 system.Further optimization resulted in an efficient vector,PsU6.3-tRNA-PsPDS3-en35S-PsCas9.We used this optimized CRISPR/Cas9 system to edit the pea phytoene desaturase(PsPDS)gene,causing albinism,by Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation.This is the first report of successful generation of gene-edited pea plants by this route.
文摘1.Tenth anniversary of The Crop Journal The Crop Journal will be 10 years old in October 2023.The journal is sponsored by the Crop Science Society of China,the Institute of Crop Sciences,Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,and China Science Publishing&Media Group Ltd.(Science Press).It is published by Science Press and Ke Ai (founded by China Science Publishing&Media Ltd.and Elsevier).
基金financially supported by Australia Grain Research&Development Corporation Project(UMU00048)Murdoch University International Postgraduate Research Scholarship。
文摘Wheat leaf senescence is a developmental process that involves expressional changes in thousands of genes that ultimately impact grain protein content(GPC), grain yield(GY), and nitrogen use efficiency.The onset and rate of senescence are strongly influenced by plant hormones and environmental factors e.g. nitrogen availability. At maturity, decrease in nitrogen uptake could enhance N remobilization from leaves and stem to grain, eventually leading to leaf senescence. Early senescence is related to high GPC and somewhat low yield whereas late senescence is often related to high yield and somewhat low GPC. Early or late senescence is principally regulated by up and down-regulation of senescence associated genes. Integration of external and internal factors together with genotypic variation influence senescence associated genes in a developmental age dependent manner. Although regulation of genes involved in senescence has been studied in rice, Arabidopsis, maize, and currently in wheat, there are genotypespecific variations yet to explore. A major effort is needed to understand the interaction of positive and negative senescence regulators in determining the onset of senescence. In wheat, increasing attention has been paid to understand the role of positive senescence regulator, e.g. GPC-1, regulated gene network during early senescence time course. Recently, gene regulatory network involved early to late senescence time course revealed important senescence regulators. However, the known negative senescence regulator Ta NAC-S gene has not been extensively studied in wheat and little is known about its value in breeding. Existing data on senescence-related transcriptome studies and gene regulatory network could effectively be used for functional study in developing nitrogen efficient wheat varieties.
基金The research is supported by the Australian Grain Research and Development Corporation(UMU00049 and UMU00050).
文摘Crop genetic improvements catalysed population growth,which in turn has increased the pressure for food security.We need to produce 70%more food to meet the demands of 9.5 billion people by 2050.Climate changes have posed challenges for global food supply,while the narrow genetic base of elite crop cultivars has further limited our capacity to increase genetic gain through conventional breeding.The effective utilization of genetic resources in germplasm collections for crop improvement is crucial to increasing genetic gain to address challenges in the global food supply.Genomic selection(GS)uses genome-wide markers and phenotype information from observed populations to establish associations,followed by genome-wide markers to predict phenotypic values in test populations.Characterizing an extensive germplasm collection can serve a dual purpose in GS,as a reference population for predicting model,and mining desirable genetic variants for incorporation into elite cultivars.New technologies,such as high-throughput genotyping and phenotyping,machine learning,and gene editing,have great potential to contribute to genomeassisted breeding.Breeding programmes integrating germplasm characterization,GS and emerging technologies offer promise for accelerating the development of cultivars with improved yield and enhanced resistance and tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses.Finally,scientifically informed regulations on new breeding technologies,and increased sharing of genetic resources,genomic data,and bioinformatics expertise between developed and developing economies will be the key to meeting the challenges of the rapidly changing climate and increased demand for food.
基金supported by the Australian Grain Research and Development Corporation(UMU00047)。
文摘Grain kernel discoloration(KD)in cereal crops leads to down-grading grain quality and substantial economic losses worldwide.Breeding KD tolerant varieties requires a clear understanding of the genetic basis underlying this trait.Here,we generated a high-density single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs)map for a diverse barley germplasm and collected trait data from two independent field trials for five KD related traits:grain brightness(TL),redness(Ta),yellowness(Tb),black point impact(Tbpi),and total black point in percentage(Tbpt).Although grain brightness and black point is genetically correlated,the grain brightness traits(TL,Ta,and Tb)have significantly higher heritability than that of the black point traits(Tbpt and Tbpi),suggesting black point traits may be more susceptible to environmental influence.Using genome-wide association studies(GWAS),we identified a total of 37 quantitative trait loci(QTL),including two major QTL hotspots on chromosomes 4H and 7H,respectively.The two QTL hotspots are associated with all five KD traits.Further genetic linkage and gene transcription analyses identified candidate genes for the grain KD,including several genes in the flavonoid pathway and plant peroxidase.Our study provides valuable insights into the genetic basis for the grain KD in barley and would greatly facilitate future breeding programs for improving grain KD resistance.
基金supported by the Grain Research and Development Cooperation, Australia and the Chinese Scholarship Council
文摘Basic vegetative period(BVP) is an important trait for determining flowering time and adaptation to variable environments.A short BVP barley mutant is about 30 d shorter than its wild type.Genetic analysis using 557 F 2 individuals revealed that the short BVP is governed by a single recessive gene(BVP-1) and was further validated in 2 090 F 3 individuals.The BVP-1 gene was first mapped to barley chromosome 1H using SSR markers.Comparative genomic analysis demonstrated that the chromosome region of BVP-1 is syntenic to rice chromosome 5 and Brachypodium chromosome 2.Barley ESTs/genes were identified after comparison with candidate genes in rice and Brachypodium;seven new gene-specific markers were developed and mapped in the mapping populations.The BVP-1 gene co-segregated with the Mot1 and Ftsh4 genes and was flanked by the gene-specific markers AK252360(0.2 cM) and CA608558(0.5 cM).Further analysis demonstrated that barley and wheat share the same short BVP gene controlling early flowering.
基金Australian Grains Research and Development Corporation(GRDC)grant IDUmu00046Graduate Research Funds from Murdoch University。
文摘Salinity causes a detrimental impact on plant growth,particularly when the stress occurs during germination and early development stages.Barley is one of the most salt-tolerant crops;previously we mapped two quantitative trait loci(QTL)for salinity tolerance during germination on the short arm of chromosome 2 H using a CM72/Gairdner doubled haploid(DH)population.Here,we narrowed down the major QTL to a region of 0.341 or 0.439 Mb containing 9 or 24 candidate genes belonging to 6 or 20 functional gene families according to barley reference genomes v1 and v3 respectively,using two DH populations of CM72/Gairdner and Skiff/CM72,F_(2)and F;generations of CM72/Gairdner/;Spartacus CL,Two Receptorlike kinase 4(RLPK4)v1 or Receptor-like kinase(RLK)v3 could be the candidates for enhanced germination under salinity stress because of their upregulated expression in salt-tolerant variety CM72.Besides,several insertion/deletion polymorphisms were identified within the 3 rd exon of the genes between CM72 and Gairdner.The sequence variations resulted in shifted functional protein domains,which may be associated with differences in salinity tolerance.Two molecular markers were designed for selecting the locus with receptor-like protein kinase 4,and one was inside HORVU2 Hr1 G111760.1 or HORVU.MOREX.r3.2 HG0202810.1.The diagnostic markers will allow for pyramiding of 2 H locus in barley varieties and facilitate genetic improvement for saline soils.Further,validation of the genes to elucidate the mechanisms involved in enhancing salinity tolerance at germination and designing RLPK4 specific markers is proposed.For this publication,all the analysis was based on barley reference genome of2017(v1),and it was used throughout for consistence.However,the positions of the markers and genes identified were updated according to new genome(v3)for reference.
基金supported by Murdoch University and the Australia Grains Research&Development Corporation(GRDC)(grant number UMU00048)the Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development(DPIRD),Western AustraliaKalyx Australia Pty Ltd。
文摘Reproductive stage frost poses a major constraint for wheat production in countries such as Australia.However,little progress has been made in identifying key genes to overcome the constraint.In the present study,a severe frost event hit two large-scale field trials consisting of six doubled haploid(DH)wheat populations at reproductive stage(young microspore stage)in Western Australia,leading to the identification of 30 robust frost QTL on 17 chromosomes.The major 18 QTL with the phenotype variation over 9.5%were located on 13 chromosomes including 2 A,2 B,2 D,3 A,4 A,4 B,4 D,5 A,5 D,6 D,7 A,7 B and7 D.Most frost QTL were closely linked to the QTL of anthesis,maturity,Zadok stages as well as linked to anthesis related genes.Out of those,six QTL were repetitively detected on the homologous regions on 2 B,4 B,4 D,5 A,5 D,7 A in more than two populations.Results showed that the frost damage is associated with alleles of Vrn-A1 a,Vrn-D1 a,Rht-B1 b,Rht-D1 b,and the high copy number of Ppd-B1.However,anthesis QTL and anthesis related genes of Vrn-B1 a and Ta FT3-1 B on chromosomes 5 B and 1 B did not lead to frost damage,indicating that these early-flowering phenotype related genes are compatible with frost tolerance and thus can be utilised in breeding.Our results also indicate that wild-type alleles Rht-B1 a and Rht-D1 a can be used when breeding for frost-tolerant varieties without delaying flowering time.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFD1201503 and 2016YFD0100302)the National Major Agricultural Science and Technology Project(NK2022060101).
文摘Wheat(Triticum aestivum)is among the most important staple crops for safeguarding the food security of the growing world population.To bridge the gap between genebank diversity and breeding programs,we developed an advanced backcross-nested association mapping plus inter-crossed population(AB-NAMIC)by crossing three popular wheat cultivars as recurrent founders to 20 germplasm lines from a mini core collection.Selective backcrossing combined with selection against undesirable traits and extensive crossing within and between sub-populations created new opportunities to detect unknown genes and increase the frequency of beneficial alleles in the AB-NAMIC population.We performed phenotyping of 590 AB-NAMIC lines and a natural panel of 476 cultivars for six consecutive growing seasons and genotyped these 1066 lines with a 660K SNP array.Genome-wide association studies of both panels for plant development and yield traits demonstrated improved power to detect rare alleles and loci with medium genetic effects in AB-NAMIC.Notably,genome-wide association studies in AB-NAMIC detected the candidate gene TaSWEET6-7B(TraesCS7B03G1216700),which has high homology to the rice SWEET6b gene and exerts strong effects on adaptation and yield traits.The commercial release of two derived AB-NAMIC lines attests to its direct applicability in wheat improvement.Valuable information on genome-wide association studymapping,candidate genes,and their haplotypes for breeding traits are available through WheatGAB.Our research provides an excellent framework for fast-tracking exploration and accumulation of beneficial alleles stored in genebanks.
文摘Crop wild relatives(CWRs)deliver untapped genetic diversity,as they contain valuable breeding traits absent in the cultivated pool,e.g.,traits imparting climate resilience.Facilitating genetic material from CWRs to breeding programs can advance effective traits and broaden the genetic base of cultivated crops(Bohra et al.,2022).The availability of genetic diversity in crop breeding programs is important for accelerating crop production while safeguarding food safety and agricultural sustainability.Crop domestication and artificial selection have paved the way for crop cultivars tailored to evolving human requirements and modern cultivation practices.However,domestication and breeding have significantly reduced genetic diversity in modern crops(Khan et al.,2020;Bohra et al.,2022).Owing to the extensive genetic and phenotypic variability,CWRs serve as valuable genetic reservoirs for crop improvement(Bohra et al.,2022;Li et al.,2023).The use of CWRs in breeding programs is not that straightforward,as linkage drags often remain difficult to overcome.
基金National Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFD0101803)Central Public-interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund(Y2020PT20)+5 种基金Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences(CAAS-XTCX2016009)Shijiazhuang Science and Technology Incubation Program(191540089A)Hebei Innovation Capability Enhancement Project(19962911D)Project of Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory(B21HJ0223)Department of Science and Technology of Ninxia Project(NXNYYZ202001)Research activities at CIMMYT were supported by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and the CGIAR Research Program MAIZE.
文摘The first paradigm of plant breeding involves direct selection-based phenotypic observation,followed by predictive breeding using statistical models for quantitative traits constructed based on genetic experimental design and,more recently,by incorporation of molecular marker genotypes.However,plant performance or phenotype(P)is determined by the combined effects of genotype(G),envirotype(E),and genotype by environment interaction(GEI).Phenotypes can be predicted more precisely by training a model using data collected from multiple sources,including spatiotemporal omics(genomics,phenomics,and enviromics across time and space).Integration of 3D information profiles(G-P-E),each with multidimensionality,provides predictive breeding with both tremendous opportunities and great challenges.Here,we first review innovative technologies for predictive breeding.We then evaluate multidimensional information profiles that can be integrated with a predictive breeding strategy,particularly envirotypic data,which have largely been neglected in data collection and are nearly untouched in model construction.We propose a smart breeding scheme,integrated genomic-enviromic prediction(iGEP),as an extension of genomic prediction,using integrated multiomics information,big data technology,and artificial intelligence(mainly focused on machine and deep learning).We discuss how to implement iGEP,including spatiotemporal models,environmental indices,factorial and spatiotemporal structure of plant breeding data,and cross-species prediction.A strategy is then proposed for prediction-based crop redesign at both the macro(individual,population,and species)and micro(gene,metabolism,and network)scales.Finally,we provide perspectives on translating smart breeding into genetic gain through integrative breeding platforms and open-source breeding initiatives.We call for coordinated efforts in smart breeding through iGEP,institutional partnerships,and innovative technological support.
基金generous support of Western Crop Genetics Alliance,Murdoch University,Western Australiaawarded a Murdoch International Postgraduate Scholarship。
文摘Nitrogen is a major determinant of grain yield and quality.As excessive use of nitrogen fertilizer leads to environmental pollution and high production costs,improving nitrogen use efficiency(NUE)is fundamental for a sustainable agriculture.Here,we dissected the role of the barley abnormal cytokinin response1 repressor 1(Hv ARE1)gene,a candidate for involvement in NUE previously identified in a genome-wide association study,through natural variation analysis and clustered regularly interspacedshort palindromic repeats(CRISPR)/CRISPRassociated protein 9(Cas9)-mediated gene editing.Hv ARE1 was predominantly expressed in leaves and shoots,with very low expression in roots under low nitrogen conditions.Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation of immature embryos(cv.Golden Promise)with single guide RNAs targeting Hv ARE1 generated 22 T0 plants,from which four T1 lines harbored missense and/or frameshift mutations based on genotyping.Mutant are1 lines exhibited an increase in plant height,tiller number,grain protein content,and yield.Moreover,we observed a 1.5-to2.8-fold increase in total chlorophyll content in the flag leaf at the grain filling stage.Delayed senescence by 10–14 d was also observed in mutant lines.Barley are1 mutants had high nitrogen content in shoots under low nitrogen conditions.These findings demonstrate the potential of ARE1 in NUE improvement in barley.
文摘Before the advent of the wheat genomic era, a wide range of studies were conducted to understand the chemistry and functions of the wheat storage proteins,which are the major determinants of wheat flour the suitability of wheat flour for various end products, such as bread, noodles and cakes.Wheat grain protein is divided into gluten and non-gluten fractions and the wheat processing quality mainly depends on the gluten fractions.Gluten provides the unique extensibility and elasticity of dough that are essential for various wheat end products.Disulfide bonds are formed between cysteine residues,which is the chemical bases for the physical properties of dough.Based on the SDS-extractability, grain protein is divided into SDS-unextractable polymeric protein(UPP)and SDS-extractable polymeric protein.The percentage of UPP is positively related to the formation of disulfide bonds in the dough matrix.In the wheat genomic era, new glutenins with long repetitive central domains that contain a high number of consensus hexapeptide and nonapeptide motifs as well as high content of cysteine and glutamine residues should be targeted.
基金supported by the Western Australian Department of Primary Industries and Regional Developmentthe Western Australian State Agricultural Biotechnology Center,Murdoch University.
文摘Recalcitrance to tissue culture and genetic transformation is the major bottleneck for gene manipulation in crops.In barley,immature embryos of Golden Promise have typically been used as explants for transformation.However,the genotype dependence of this approach limits the genetic modification of commercial varieties.Here,we developed an anther culture-based system that permits the effective creation of transgenic and gene-edited plants from commercial barley varieties.The protocol was tested in Golden Promise and four Australian varieties,which differed in phenology,callus induction,and green plant regeneration responses.Agrobacterium-mediated transformation was performed on microspore-derived callus to target the HvPDS gene,and T0 albinos with targeted mutations were successfully obtained from commercial varieties.Further editing of three targets was achieved with an average mutation rate of 53%in the five varieties.In 51 analyzed T0 individuals,Cas9 induced a large proportion(69%)of single-base indels and two-base deletions in the target sites,with variable mutation rates among targets and varieties.Both ontarget and off-target activities were detected in T1 progenies.Compared with immature embryo protocols,this genotype-independent platformcan deliver a high editing efficiency and more regenerant plants within a similar time frame.It shows promise for functional genomics and the application of CRISPR technologies for the precise improvement of commercial varieties.