Spatial acoustic emission evolution of red sandstone during multi-stage triaxial deformation

Multi-stage triaxial compression tests for cylindrical red sandstone specimens(diameter of 50 mm,height of 100 mm) were carried out with a rock mechanics testing system and spatial acoustic emission(AE) locations were obtained by adopting an AE monitoring system.Based on spatial AE distribution evolution of red sandstone during multi-stage triaxial deformation,the relation between spatial AE events and triaxial deformation of red sandstone was analyzed.The results show that before peak strength,the spatial AE events are not active and distribute stochastically in the specimen,while after peak strength,the spatial AE events are very active and focus on a local region beyond final microscopic failure plane.During multi-stage triaxial deformation with five different confining pressures,the spatial AE distribution evolution in the red sandstone was obtained.The obtained spatial AE locations of red sandstone at the final confining pressure agree very well with the ultimate failure experimental mode.Finally,the influence of confining pressure on the spatial AE evolution characteristics of red sandstone during triaxial deformation was discussed.The AE behavior of red sandstone during multi-stage triaxial deformation is interpreted in the light of the Kaiser effect,which has a significant meaning for predicting the unstable failure of engineering rock mass.

Uniqueness of rate-dependency, creep and stress relaxation behaviors for soft clays

This work focuses on the uniqueness of rate-dependency, creep and stress relaxation behaviors for soft clays under one-dimensional condition. An elasto-viscoplastic model is briefly introduced based on the rate-dependency of preconsolidation pressure. By comparing the rate-dependency formulation with the creep based formulation, the relationship between rate-dependency and creep behaviors is firstly described. The rate-dependency based formulation is then extended to derive an analytical solution for the stress relaxation behavior with defining a stress relaxation coefficient. Based on this, the relationship between the rate-dependency coefficient and the stress relaxation coefficient is derived. Therefore, the uniqueness between behaviors of rate-dependency, creep and stress relaxation with their key parameters is obtained. The uniqueness is finally validated by comparing the simulated rate-dependency of preconsolidation pressure, the estimated values of secondary compression coefficient and simulations of stress relaxation tests with test results on both reconstituted Illite and Berthierville clay.

Mechanical behavior and failure analysis of brittle sandstone specimens containing combined flaws under uniaxial compression

Based on the axial stress-axial strain curves,the effect of fissure angle on the strength and deformation behavior of sandstone specimens containing combined flaws is analyzed.The mechanical parameters of sandstone specimens containing combined flaws are all lower than that of intact specimen,but the reduction extent is distinctly related to the fissure angle.The results of sandstone specimens containing combined flaws are obtained by the acoustic emission,which can be used to monitor the crack initiation and propagation.The ultimate failure mode and crack coalescence behavior are evaluated for brittle sandstone specimens containing combined flaws.Nine different crack types are identified on the basis of their geometry and crack coalescence mechanism(tensile crack,hole collapse,far-field crack and surface spalling)for combined flaws.The photographic monitoring was also adopted for uniaxial compression test in order to confirm the sequence of crack coalescence in brittle sandstone specimens containing combined flaws,which recorded the real-time crack coalescence process during entire deformation.According to the monitored results,the effect of crack coalescence process on the strength and deformation behavior is investigated based on a detailed analysis for brittle sandstone specimens containing combined flaws by using digital photogrammetry.

Unsteady heat-moisture transfer of wet airway in deep mining

为了学习湿包围的不稳定的热潮湿转移的机制，在深采矿摇，一系列实验与不同起始并且边界条件被执行。测试结果证明岩石温度在起始的阶段快速减少，并且慢慢地减少为短暂热潮湿转移最后是经常的价值。湿航线的伪稳定的表面温度由于潮湿转移是比干燥航线的低的。散开半径是不到冷却由于大散开抵抗的半径。湿航线的插头气流热含量比干燥航线的大得多。潮湿转移引起的潜伏的热在深热的环境起一个重要作用。为周期的热潮湿转移，插头气流的温度和岩石温度也周期性地变化。岩石温度的波浪振幅与增加距离离开航线表面逐渐地减少，并且岩石温度的波浪阶段也在气流的后面。而且，在航线和气流之间的热潮湿转移的方向是双向的，它与短暂转移的结果不同。

Stress characteristics of surrounding rocks for inner water exosmosis in high-pressure hydraulic tunnels

Seepage and stress redistribution are the main factors affecting the stability of surrounding rock in high-pressure hydraulic tunnels.In this work,the effects of the seepage field were firstly simplified as a seepage factor acting on the stress field,and the equilibrium equation of high pressure inner water exosmosis was established based on physical theory.Then,the plane strain theory was used to solve the problem of elasticity,and the analytic expression of surrounding rock stress was obtained.On the basis of criterion of Norway,the influences of seepage,pore water pressure and buried depth on the characteristics of the stress distribution of surrounding rocks were studied.The analyses show that the first water-filling plays a decisive role in the stability of the surrounding rock; the influence of seepage on the stress field around the tunnel is the greatest,and the change of the seepage factor is approximately consistent with the logarithm divergence.With the effects of the rock pore water pressure,the circumferential stress shows the exchange between large and small,but the radial stress does not.Increasing the buried depth can enhance the arching effect of the surrounding rock,thus improving the stability.

Three-dimensional consolidation deformation analysis of porous layered soft soils considering asymmetric effects

Long-term settlements for underground structures, such as tunnels and pipelines, are generally observed after the completion of construction in soft clay. The soil consolidation characteristic has great influences on the long-term deformation for underground structures. A three-dimensional consolidation analysis method under the asymmetric loads is developed for porous layered soil based on Biot's classical theory. Time-displacement effects can be fully considered in this work and the analytical solutions are obtained by the state space approach in the Cartesian coordinate. The Laplace and double Fourier integral transform are applied to the state variables in order to reduce the partial differential equations into algebraic differential equations and easily obtain the state space solution. Starting from the governing equations of saturated porous soil, the basic relationship of state space variables is established between the ground surface and the arbitrary depth in the integral transform domain. Based on the continuity conditions and boundary conditions of the multi-layered pore soil model, the multi-layered pore half-space solutions are obtained by means of the transfer matrix method and the inverse integral transforms. The accuracy of proposed method is demonstrated with existing classical solutions. The results indicate that the porous homogenous soils as well as the porous non-homogenous layered soils can be considered in this proposed method. When the consolidation time factor is 0.01, the value of immediate consolidation settlement coefficient calculated by the weighted homogenous solution is 27.4% bigger than the one calculated by the non-homogeneity solution. When the consolidation time factor is 0.05, the value of excess pore water pressure for the weighted homogenous solution is 27.2% bigger than the one for the non-homogeneity solution. It is shown that the material non-homogeneity has a great influence on the long-term settlements and the dissipation process of excess pore water pressure.

Triaxial compression strength for artificial frozen clay with thermal gradient

A series of triaxial compression tests for frozen clay were performed by K0DCGF (freezing with non-uniform temperature under loading after K0 consolidation) method and GFC (freezing with non-uniform temperature without experiencing K0 consolidation) method at various confining pressures and thermal gradients. The experimental results indicate that the triaxial compression strength for frozen clay in K0DCGF test increases with the increase of confining pressure, but it decreases as the confining pressure increases further in GFC test. In other words, the compression strength for frozen clay with identical confining pressure decreases with the increase in thermal gradient both in K0DCGF test and GFC test. The strength of frozen clay in K0DCGF test is dependent of pore ice strength, soil particle strength and interaction between soil skeleton and pore ice. The decrease of water content and distance between soil particles leads to the decrease of pore size and the increase of contact area between particles in K0DCGF test, which further results in a higher compression strength than that in GFC test. The compression strength for frozen clay with thermal gradient can be descried by strength for frozen clay with a uniform temperature identical to the temperature at the height of specimen where the maximum tensile stress appears.

不同冲击荷载下高温-水冷却花岗岩能量耗散特征研究

研究地热钻井施工中高温岩石冷却后的能量耗散特性,对提高岩石破碎效率至关重要。通过对分离式霍普金森压杆(SHPB)系统在不同冲击载荷下的动态试验,研究了高温-水冷却花岗岩的能量耗散特性。花岗岩的加热范围为25℃至1000℃。此外,还通过电镜扫描(SEM)和压汞试验(MIP)获得了该花岗岩的微观形貌和孔隙分布。以400℃为界,孔隙分布变化趋势可分为两个阶段:在400℃之前,微孔和小孔占比超过75.00%;当T≥400℃时,中孔占比迅速增加。此外,动态峰值应力和峰值应变随入射能量的增加而增加,而动态弹性模量的变化趋势不明显。当加热温度从25℃增加到800℃时,耗散能占比呈上升趋势,而加热到1000℃的花岗岩的吸收能量下降。当应变率在100 s^(-1)-120 s^(-1)之间时,能量利用效率最高。

不同温度下裂隙花岗岩法向刚度演变规律的试验研究

本文研究了不同温度下裂隙花岗岩试样的法向刚度演变规律,并系统阐述了裂隙岩体法向闭合过程中法向位移(δn)、初始开度(b)、温度(T)及饱和状态对试样法向刚度演变规律的影响。试验结果表明,随着法向位移的增加,法向刚度的变化速率逐渐增大,呈现出二次函数关系。当法向位移相同时,初始开度较大试样法向刚度相对较小。对于不同初始开度的试样,当旋转角度(α)为20°且δ_(n)=1 mm时,饱和试样的刚度随着温度的升高(从25℃到600℃)而降低48.18%。当T=25℃且α=20°时,干燥和饱和试件刚度分别为27.31×10^(3)MPa/m和19.32×10^(3)MPa/m。提出了两个经验模型来预测干燥与饱和状态下裂隙花岗岩试样在不同温度、初始开度和法向应变等参数下的法向刚度变化规律,预测结果与实验结果吻合良好。