ZnSb/Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x)MXene van der Waals heterojunction for flexible near-infrared photodetector arrays

Two-dimension(2D)van der Waals heterojunction holds essential promise in achieving high-performance flexible near-infrared(NIR)photodetector.Here,we report the successful fabrication of ZnSb/Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x)MXene based flexible NIR photodetector array via a facile photolithography technology.The single ZnSb/Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x)photodetector exhibited a high light-to-dark current ratio of 4.98,fast response/recovery time(2.5/1.3 s)and excellent stability due to the tight connection between 2D ZnSb nanoplates and 2D Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x)MXene nanoflakes,and the formed 2D van der Waals heterojunction.Thin polyethylene terephthalate(PET)substrate enables the ZnSb/Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x)photodetector withstand bending such that stable photoelectrical properties with non-obvious change were maintained over 5000 bending cycles.Moreover,the ZnSb/Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x)photodetectors were integrated into a 26×5 device array,realizing a NIR image sensing application.

Low Crosstalk Three-Color Infrared Detector by Controlling the Minority Carriers Type of InAs/GaSb Superlattices for Middle-Long and Very-Long Wavelength

We report a type-Ⅱ InAs/GaSb superlattice three-color infrared detector for mid-wave （MW）, long-wave （LW）, and very long-wave （VLW） detections. The detector structure consists of three contacts of NIPIN architecture for MW and LW detections, and hetero-junction NIP architecture for VLW detection. It is found that the spectral crosstalks can be significantly reduced by controlling the minority carriers transport via doping beryllium in the two active regions of NIPIN section. The crosstalk detection at MW, LW, and VLW signals are achieved by selecting the bias voltages on the device. At 77K, the cutoff wavelengths of the three-color detection are 5.3μm （at OmV）, 141μm （at 300mV） and 19μm （at -20mV） with the detectivities of 4.6xlO11 cm.Hzl/ZW-1, 2.3×10^10 cm.Hzl/2W-1, and 1.0×10^10cm.Hzl/2W-1 for MW, LW and VLW. The crosstalks of the MW channel, LW channel, and VLW channel are almost 0, 0.25, and 0.6, respectively.

A crosstalk-free dual-mode sweat sensing system for naked-eye sweat loss quantification via changes in structural reflectance

Sweat loss monitoring is important for understanding the body’s thermoregulation and hydration status,as well as for comprehensive sweat analysis.Despite recent advances,developing a low-cost,scalable,and universal method for the fabrication of colorimetric microfluidics designed for sweat loss monitoring remains challenging.In this study,we propose a novel laserengraved surface roughening strategy for various flexible substrates.This process permits the construction of microchannels that show distinct structural reflectance changes before and after sweat filling.By leveraging these unique optical properties,we have developed a fully laser-engraved microfluidic device for the quantification of naked-eye sweat loss.This sweat loss sensor is capable of a volume resolution of 0.5µL and a total volume capacity of 11µL,and can be customized to meet different performance requirements.Moreover,we report the development of a crosstalk-free dual-mode sweat microfluidic system that integrates an Ag/AgCl chloride sensor and a matching wireless measurement flexible printed circuit board.This integrated system enables the real-time monitoring of colorimetric sweat loss signals and potential ion concentration signals without crosstalk.Finally,we demonstrate the potential practical use of this microfluidic sweat loss sensor and its integrated system for sports medicine via on-body studies.

High-performance extended short-wavelength infrared PBn photodetectors based on InAs/GaSb/AlSb superlattices

High performance short-wavelength infrared PBn photodetectors based on InAs/GaSb/AlSb superlattices on GaSb substrate have been demonstrated.At 300 K,the device exhibits a 50%cut-off wavelength of~2.1μm as predicted from the band structure calculation;the device responsivity peaks at 0.85 A/W,corresponding to a quantum efficiency(QE)of 56%for 2.0μm-thick absorption region.The dark current density of 1.03×10^(-3)A/cm^(2)is obtained under 50 mV applied bias.The device exhibits a saturated dark current shot noise limited specific detectivity(D*)of 3.29×1010cm·Hz^(1/2)/W(at a peak responsivity of 2.0μm)under-50 mV applied bias.

Enhancing multifunctional photocatalysis with acetate-assisted cesium doping and unlocking the potential of Z-scheme solar water splitting

Graphitic carbon nitride(g-C_(3)N_(4))has been extensively doped with alkali metals to enlarge photocatalytic output,in which cesium(Cs)doping is predicted to be the most efficient.Nevertheless,the sluggish diffusion and doping kinetics of precursors with high melting points,along with imprecise regulation,have raised the debate on whether Cs doping could make sense.For this matter,we attempt to confirm the positive effects of Cs doping on multifunctional photocatalysis by first using cesium acetate with the character of easy manipulation.The optimized Csdoped g-C_(3)N_(4)(CCN)shows a 41.6-fold increase in visible-light-driven hydrogen evolution reaction(HER)compared to pure g-C_(3)N_(4) and impressive degradation capability,especially with 77%refractory tetracycline and almost 100%rhodamine B degradedwithin an hour.The penetration ofCs+is demonstrated to be a mode of interlayer doping,and Cs–N bonds(especially with sp^(2) pyridine N in C═N–C),along with robust chemical interaction and electron exchange,are fabricated.This atomic configuration triggers the broadened spectral response,the improved charge migration,and the activated photocatalytic capacity.Furthermore,we evaluate the CCN/cadmium sulfide hybrid as a Z-scheme configuration,promoting the visible HER yield to 9.02 mmol g^(−1) h^(−1),which is the highest ever reported among all CCN systems.This work adds to the rapidly expanding field of manipulation strategies and supports further development of mediating served for photocatalysis.

High performance GaSb based digital-grown InGaSb/AlGaAsSb mid-infrared lasers and bars

InGaSb/AlGaAsSb double-quantum-well diode lasers emitting around 2 μm are demonstrated. The AlGaAsSb barriers of the lasers are grown with digital alloy techniques consisting of binary AlSb/AlAs/GaSb short-period pairs. Peak power conversion efficiency of 26% and an efficiency higher than 16% at 1 W are achieved at continuous-wave operation for a 2-mm-long and 100-μm-wide stripe laser. The maximum output power of a single emitter reaches to 1.4 W at 7 A.19-emitter bars with maximum efficiency higher than 20% and maximum power of 16 W are fabricated. Lasers with the short-period-pair barriers are proved to have improved temperature properties and wavelength stabilities. The characteristic temperature(T_0) is up to 140?C near room temperature(25–55?C).

Growth and Characterization of GaSb-Based Type-Ⅱ InAs/GaSb Superlattice Photodiodes for Mid-Infrared Detection

InAs/GaSb superlattiee （SL） midwave infrared photovoltaic detectors are grown by molecular beam epitaxy on GaSb（001） residud p-type substrates. A thick GaSb layer is grown under the optimized growth condition as a buffer layer. The detectors containing a 320-period 8ML/SML InAs/GaS5 SL active layer are fabricated with a series pixel area using anode sulfide passivation. Corresponding to 50% cutoff wavelengths of 5.0 μm at 77K, the peak directivity of the detectors is 1.6 × 10^10 cm.Hz^1/2 W^-1 at 77K.

Layered double hydroxides as electrode materials for flexible energy storage devices

To prevent and mitigate environmental degradation,high-performance and cost-effective electrochemical flexible energy storage systems need to be urgently developed.This demand has led to an increase in research on electrode materials for high-capacity flexible supercapacitors and secondary batteries,which have greatly aided the development of contemporary digital communications and electric vehicles.The use of layered double hydroxides(LDHs)as electrode materials has shown productive results over the last decade,owing to their easy production,versatile composition,low cost,and excellent physicochemical features.This review highlights the distinctive 2D sheet-like structures and electrochemical characteristics of LDH materials,as well as current developments in their fabrication strategies for expanding the application scope of LDHs as electrode materials for flexible supercapacitors and alkali metal(Li,Na,K)ion batteries.

Electrically driven uniaxial stress device for tuning in situ semiconductor quantum dot symmetry and exciton emission in cryostat

Uniaxial stress is a powerful tool for tuning exciton emitting wavelength, polarization, fine-structure splitting (FSS), and the symmetry of quantum dots (QDs). Here, we present a technique for applying uniaxial stress, which enables us in situ to tune exciton optical properties at low temperature down to 15 K with high tuning precision. The design and operation of the device are described in detail. This technique provides a simple and convenient approach to tune QD structural symmetry, exciton energy and biexciton binding energy. It can be utilized for generating entangled and indistinguishable photons. Moreover, this device can be employed for tuning optical properties of thin film materials at low temperature.

Plasmons in a free-standing nanorod with a two-dimensional parabolic quantum well caused by surface states

The collective charge density excitations in a free-standing nanorod with a two-dimensional parabolic quantum well are investigated within the framework of Bohm-Pine＇s random-phase approximation in the two-subband model.The new simplified analytical expressions of the Coulomb interaction matrix elements and dielectric functions are derived and numerically discussed.In addition,the electron density and temperature dependences of dispersion features are also investigated.We find that in the two-dimensional parabolic quantum well,the intrasubband upper branch is coupled with the intersubband mode,which is quite different from other quasi-one-dimensional systems like a cylindrical quantum wire with an infinite rectangular potential.In addition,we also find that higher temperature results in the intersubband mode（with an energy of 12 meV（～ 3 THz）） becoming totally damped,which agrees well with the experimental results of Raman scattering in the literature.These interesting properties may provide useful references to the design of free-standing nanorod based devices.

Temperature dependence on the electrical and physical performance of InAs/AlSb heterojunction and high electron mobility transistors

In this report, the effect of temperature on the In As/Al Sb heterojunction and high-electron-mobility transistors（HEMTs） with a gate length of 2 μm are discussed comprehensively. The results indicate that device performance is greatly improved at cryogenic temperatures. It is also observed that the device performance at 90 K is significantly improved with 27% lower gate leakage current, 12% higher maximum drain current, and 22.5% higher peak transconductance compared to 300 K. The temperature dependence of mobility and the two-dimensional electron gas concentration in the In As/Al Sb heterojunction for the temperature range 90 K-300 K is also investigated. The electron mobility at 90 K（42560 cm2/V·s）is 2.5 times higher than its value at 300 K（16911 cm^2/V·s） because of the weaker lattice vibration and the impurity ionization at cryogenic temperatures, which corresponds to a reduced scattering rate and higher mobility. We also noted that the two-dimensional electron gas concentration decreases slightly from 1.99 × 10^（12） cm^（-2） at 300 K to 1.7 × 10^（12） cm^（-2） at 90 K with a decrease in temperature due to the lower ionization at cryogenic temperature and the nearly constant ？Ec.

High-density and narrow size-distribution InAs quantum dots formed by a modified two-step growth

We develop a modified two-step method of growing high-density and narrow size-distribution InAs/GaAs quantum dots （QDs） by molecular beam epitaxy. In the first step, high-density small InAs QDs are formed by optimizing the continuous deposition amount. In the second step, deposition is carried out with a long growth interruption for every 0.1 InAs monolayer. Atomic force microscope images show that the high-density （～5.9 × 10^11 cm^-2） good size-uniformity InAs QDs are achieved. The strong intensity and narrow linewidth （27.7 meV） of the photoluminescence spectrum show that the QDs grown in this two-step method have a good optical quality.

Photodetector based on Ruddlesden-Popper perovskite microwires with broader band detection

Recently,the two-dimensional(2D)form of Ruddlesden-Popper perovskite(RPP)has been widely studied.However,the synthesis of one-dimensional(1D)RPP is rarely reported.Here,we fabricated a photodetector based on RPP microwires(RPP-MWs)and compared it with a 2D-RPP photodetector.The results show that the RPP-MWs photodetector possesses a wider photoresponse range and higher responsivities of 233 A/W in the visible band and 30 A/W in the near-infrared(NIR)band.The analyses show that the synthesized RPP-MWs have a multi-layer,heterogeneous core-shell structure.This structure gives RPP-MWs a unique band structure,as well as abundant trap states and defect levels,which enable them to acquire better photoresponse performance.This configuration of RPP-MWs provides a new idea for the design and application of novel heterostructures.

Self-healing Au/PVDF-HFP composite ionic gel for flexible underwater pressure sensor

Ionic gels can be potentially used in wearable devices owing to their high humidity resistance and non-volatility.However,the applicability of existing ionic gel pressure sensors is limited by their low sensitivity.Therefore,it is very import-ant to develop an ionic gel pressure sensor with high sensitivity and a wide pressure detection range without sacrificing mechan-ical stretchability and self-healing ability.Herein,we report an effective strategy for developing pressure sensors based on ion-ic gel composites consisting of high-molecular-weight polymers,ionic liquids,and Au nanoparticles.The resulting capacitive pressure sensors exhibit high pressure sensitivity,fast response,and excellent self-healing properties.The sensors composed of highly hydrophobic polymers and ionic liquids can be used to track underwater movements,demonstrating broad application prospects in human motion state monitoring and underwater mechanical operations.

Different angle-resolved polarization configurations of Raman spectroscopy: A case on the basal and edge plane of two-dimensional materials

Angle-resolved polarized Raman（ARPR） spectroscopy can be utilized to assign the Raman modes based on crystal symmetry and Raman selection rules and also to characterize the crystallographic orientation of anisotropic materials.However, polarized Raman measurements can be implemented by several different configurations and thus lead to different results. In this work, we systematically analyze three typical polarization configurations： 1） to change the polarization of the incident laser, 2） to rotate the sample, and 3） to set a half-wave plate in the common optical path of incident laser and scattered Raman signal to simultaneously vary their polarization directions. We provide a general approach of polarization analysis on the Raman intensity under the three polarization configurations and demonstrate that the latter two cases are equivalent to each other. Because the basal plane of highly ordered pyrolytic graphite（HOPG） exhibits isotropic feature and its edge plane is highly anisotropic, HOPG can be treated as a modelling system to study ARPR spectroscopy of twodimensional materials on their basal and edge planes. Therefore, we verify the ARPR behaviors of HOPG on its basal and edge planes at three different polarization configurations. The orientation direction of HOPG edge plane can be accurately determined by the angle-resolved polarization-dependent G mode intensity without rotating sample, which shows potential application for orientation determination of other anisotropic and vertically standing two-dimensional materials and other materials.

Nanofiber/nanowires-based flexible and stretchable sensors

Nanofibers/nanowires with one-dimension(1D)nanostructure or well-patterned microstructure have shown distinctly advantages in flexible and stretchable sensor fields,owing to their remarkable tolerance against mechanical bending or stretching,outstanding electronic/optoelectronic properties,good transparency,and excellent geometry.Herein,latest summaries in the unique structure and properties of nanofiber/nanowire function materials and their applications for flexible and stretchable sensor are highlighted.Several types of high-performance nanofiber/nanowire-based flexible pressure and stretchable sensors are also reviewed.Finally,a conclusion and prospect for 1D nanofiber/nanowires-based flexible and stretchable sensors are also intensively discussed.This summary offers new insights for the development of flexible and stretchable sensor based 1D nanostructure in next-generation flexible electronics.

In-Situ Annealed Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x) MXene Based All-Solid-State Flexible Zn-Ion Hybrid Micro Supercapacitor Array with Enhanced Stability

Zn-ion hybrid supercapacitors(SCs)are considered as promising energy storage owing to their high energy density compared to traditional SCs.How to realize the miniaturization,patterning,and flexibility of the Zn-ion SCs without affecting the electrochemical performances has special meanings for expanding their applications in wearable integrated electronics.Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x) cathode with outstanding conductivity,unique lamellar structure and good mechanical flexibility has been demonstrated tremen-dous potential in the design of Zn-ion SCs,but achieving long cycling stability and high rate stability is still big challenges.Here,we proposed a facile laser writing approach to fabricate patterned Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x)-based Zn-ion micro-supercapacitors(MSCs),followed by the in-situ anneal treatment of the assembled MSCs to improve the long-term stability,which exhibits 80%of the capacitance retention even after 50,000 charge/discharge cycles and superior rate stability.The influence of the cathode thickness on the electrochemical performance of the MSCs is also studied.When the thickness reaches 0.851μm the maximum areal capacitance of 72.02 mF cm^(−2)at scan rate of 10 mV s^(−1),which is 1.77 times higher than that with a thickness of 0.329μm(35.6 mF cm^(−2)).Moreover,the fab-ricated Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x) based Zn-ion MSCs have excellent flexibility,a digital timer can be driven by the single device even under bending state,a flexible LED displayer of“TiC”logo also can be easily lighted by the MSC arrays under twisting,crimping,and winding conditions,demonstrating the scalable fabrication and application of the fabricated MSCs in portable electronics.

Continuous Fabrication of Ti_(3)C_(2)T_x MXene-Based Braided Coaxial Zinc-Ion Hybrid Supercapacitors with Improved Performance

Zinc-ion hybrid fiber supercapacitors(FSCs)are promising energy storages for wearable electronics owing to their high energy density,good flexibility,and weavability.However,it is still a critical challenge to optimize the structure of the designed FSC to improve energy density and realize the continuous fabrication of super-long FSCs.Herein,we propose a braided coaxial zinc-ion hybrid FSC with several meters of Ti_(3)C_(2)T_x MXene cathode as core electrodes,and shell zinc fiber anode was braided on the surface of the Ti_(3)C_(2)T_x MXene fibers across the solid electrolytes.According to the simulated results using ANSYS Maxwell software,the braided structures revealed a higher capacitance compared to the spring-like structures.The resulting FSCs exhibited a high areal capacitance of 214 mF cm^(-2),the energy density of 42.8μWh cm^(-2)at 5 mV s^(-1),and excellent cycling stability with 83.58%capacity retention after 5000 cycles.The coaxial FSC was tied several kinds of knots,proving a shape-controllable fiber energy storage.Furthermore,the knitted FSC showed superior stability and weavability,which can be woven into watch belts or embedded into textiles to power smart watches and LED arrays for a few days.

Growth of aligned SnS nanowire arrays for near infrared photodetectors

Aligned SnS nanowires arrays were grown via a simple chemical vapor deposition method.As-synthesized SnS nanowires are single crystals grown along the[111]direction.The single SnS nanowire based device showed excellent response to near infrared lights with good responsivity of 267.9 A/W,high external quantum efficiency of 3.12×10^4%and fast response time.Photodetectors were built on the aligned SnS nanowire arrays,exhibiting a light on/off ratio of 3.6,and the response and decay time of 4.5 and 0.7 s,respectively,to 1064 nm light illumination.

Influence of strain and electric field on the properties of silicane

We investigate the influence of strain and electric field on the properties of a silicane sheet. Some elastic parameters of silicane, such as an in-plane stiffness of 52.55 N/m and a Poisson’s ratio of 0.24, are obtained by calculating the strain energy. Compared with silicene, silicane is softer because of its relatively weaker Si–Si bonds. The band structure of silicane is tunable by a uniform tensile strain, with the increase of which the band gap decreases monotonously. Moreover, silicane undergoes an indirect–direct gap transition under a small strain, and a semiconductor–metal transition under a large strain. The electric field can change the Si–H bond length of silicane significantly. When a strong field is applied, the H atom at the high potential side becomes desorbed, while the H atom at the low potential side keeps bonded. So an external electric field can help to produce single-side hydrogenated silicene from silicane. We believe this study will be helpful for the application of silicane in the future.