SIMULATION OF NOx FORMATION IN TURBULENT SWIRLINGCOMBUSTION USING A USM TURBULENCE—CHEMISTRY MODEL

A unified second-order moment (USM) turbulence-chemistry model for simulating NOx formation in turbulent combustion is proposed.All of correlations,including the correlation of the reaction-rate coefficient fluctuation with the concentration fluctuation,are closed by the transport equations in the same form.This model discards the approximation of series expansion of the exponential function or the approximation of using the product of several 1-D PDF's instead of a joint PDF.It is much simpler than other refined models,such as the PDF transport equation model and the conditional moment closure model.The proposed model is used to simulate methane-air swirling turbulent combustion and NOx formation.The prediction results are in good agreement with the experimental results.

Numerical Simulation of Fluid Flow and Oil-Water Separation in Hydrocyclones

The fluid flow and oil-water separation were simulated using a Reynolds stress transport equation model of turbulence in water flow and a stochastic model of oil droplet motion. Simulation results give the axial and tangential velocity components, the pressure and turbulence intensity distribution and droplet trajectories for a hydrocyclone of F type and a hydrocyclone proposed by the present authors. The flow field predictions are in qualitative agreement with the LDV measurements. The results show that the proposed hydrocyclone has better performance than the hydrocyclone of F type due to creating stronger centrifugal force and lower axial velocity.

SIMULATION OF SUDDEN-EXPANSION AND SWIRLING GAS-PARTICLE FLOWS USING A TWO-FLUID PARTICLE-WALL COLLISION MODEL WITH CONSIDERATION OF THE WALL ROUGHNESS

A two-fluid particle-wall collision model with consideration of wall roughness is pro- posed.It takes into account the effects of the friction,restitution and in particular the wall roughness, and hence the redistribution of Reynolds stress in different directions,the absorption of turbulent en- ergy from the mean motion and the attenuation of particle motion by the wall.The proposed model is used to simulate sudden-expansion and swirling gas-particle flows and is validated by comparing with experimental results.The results show that the proposed model gives better results than those obtained by the presently used zero-gradient condition.Hence,it is suggested that the proposed model should be used as the wall boundary condition for the particle phase in place of the presently used boundary condition.

A Numerical Sirnulation of Gas-Particle Two-Phase Flow in a Suspension Bed Using DifFusion Flux Model

A mathematical modei of two-dimensional turbulent gas-particle twophase flow based on the modified diffusion flux modei (DFM) and a numerical simulation method to analyze the gas-particle flow structures are developed. The modified diffusion flux modei, in which the acceleration due to various forces is taken into account for the calculation of the diffusion velocity of particles, is applicable to the analysis of multi-dimensional gas-particle two-phase turbulent flow. In order to verify its accuracy and efficiency, the numerical simulation by DFM is compared with experimental studies and the prediction by k-ε-kp two-fluid modei, which shows a reasonable agreement. It is confirmed that the modified diffusion flux modei is suitable for simulating the multi-dimensional gas-particle two-phase flow.

Experimental Studies of the Effect of Wall Roughness on Particle Behavior in Gas-Particle Flows

The effect of wall roughness on particle behavior in two-phase flows in a horizontal backward-facing step is studied using a phase-Doppler particle anemometer. The results show that the wall roughness widens the particle velocity probability density distribution, enhances the redistribution of particle velocity into different directions, reduces the particle longitudinal mean velocity and increases the longitudinal and transverse fluctuation velocities and Reynolds shear stress. The effect of roughness on particle motion in the recirculation zone is weaker than that in the fully developed flow region. The effect of roughness for small particles is restricted only in the near-wall region, while that for large particles diffuses to the whole flow field.

A Review on SOM-LES of Turbulent Two-Phase Combustion

Turbulent two-phase combustion is widely encountered in spray and pulverized-coal combustors,and large-eddy simulation(LES)becomes a powerful CFD method for its simulation,because LES can give unsteady flame structures and more reasonable statistical results than Reynolds-averaged modeling.Present combustion models in LES either lack of generality or are computationally too expensive.A statistical moment model based on the idea of turbulence modeling called“second-order moment(SOM)combustion model”was developed by the present authors for LES of two-phase combustion.In this paper,a review is given on our published research results for SOM-LES of two-phase combustion,including the description of the SOM-LES model,its application,validation of statistical results by experiments,as well as the phenomena obtained by instantaneous results.

Chaos Transfer in Fluidized Beds Accompanied with Biomass Pyrolysis

Experiments of biomass pyrolysis were carried out in a fluidized bed, and dynamic signals of pressure and temperature were recorded. Correlation dimension was employed to characterize the chaotic behavior of pressure and temperature signals. Both pressure and temperature signals exhibit chaotic behavior, and the chaotic behavior of temperature signals is always weaker than that of pressure signals. Chaos transfer theory was advanced to explain the above phenomena. The discussion on the algorithm of the correlation dimension shows that the distance definition based on rhombic neighborhood is a better choice than the traditional one based on spherical neighborhood. The former provides a satisfactory result in a much shorter time.

Modified Diffusion Flux Model for Analysis of Turbulent Gas-Particle Two-Phase Flows

A modified diffusion flux model (DFM) was developed to analyze turbulent multi-dimensional gas-particle two-phase flows. In the model, the solid particles move in a modified acceleration field, g′′ , which includes the effects of various forces on the particles as if all the forces have the same effect on the particles as the gravity. The accelerations due to various forces are then taken into account in the calcula- tion of the diffusion velocities of the solid particles in the gas-particle two-phase flow. The DFM was used to numerically simulate the gas-solid two-phase flow behind a vertical backward-facing step. The numerical simulation compared well with experimental data and numerical results using both the k-ε-Ap and k-ε-kp two- fluid models available in the literature. The comparison shows that the modified diffusion flux model correctly simulates the turbulent gas-particle two-phase flow.

Vorticity Measurements Using a 6-Sensor Hot-Wire Probe in a Tangentially Fired Furnace

A hot-wire/hot-film anemometer (HWA) was used here to measure the vorticity in turbulent flows. The velocity components and their partial derivatives were simultaneously measured with a new 6-sensor hot-wire (HW) probe assuming ideal yaw and pitch factors with Jorgensen's expression and Taylor's hypothesis to analyze the data. The accurate 6-sensor hot-wire probe results for the velocity field were used to determine the velocity gradients and, therefore, the vorticity vector field. The data was measured in an isothermal model of a tangentially fired furnace. The experimental results in the tangentially fired furnace agree with numerical results.