Compression Creep Behavior of High Volume Fraction of SiC Particles Reinforced Al Composite Fabricated by Pressureless Infiltration

The compression creep deformation of the high volume fraction of SiC particles reinforced AI-Mg-Si composite fabricated by pressure-less infiltration was investigated. The experimental results show that the creep stress exponents are very high at temperatures of 673 K, 723 K and 773 K, and if taking the threshold stress into account, the true stress exponent of minimum creep strain rate is still approximately 5, although the volume fraction of reinforcements is very high. The creep strain rate in the high volume fraction reinforced aluminum alloy matrix composites is controlled by matrix lattice diffusion. It is found that the creep-strengthening effect of high volume fraction of silicon carbide particles is significant, although the particles do not form effective obstacles to dislocation motion.

Wear and corrosion properties of laser cladded Cu_(47)Ti_(34)Zr_(11)Ni_8/SiC amorphous composite coatings on AZ91D magnesium alloy

To improve the wear and corrosion properties of AZ91D magnesium alloys,Cu-based amorphous composite coatings were fabricated on AZ91D magnesium alloy by laser cladding using mixed powders of Cu47Ti34Zr11Ni8 and SiC.The wear and corrosion behaviours of the coatings were investigated.The wear resistance of the coatings was evaluated under dry sliding wear condition at room temperature.The corrosion resistance of the coatings was tested in 3.5%(mass fraction) NaCl solution.The coatings exhibit excellent wear resistance due to the recombined action of amorphous phase and different intermetallic compounds.The main wear mechanisms of the coatings and the AZ91D sample are different.The former is abrasive wear and the latter is adhesive wear.The coatings compared with AZ91D magnesium alloy also exhibit good corrosion resistance because of the presence of the amorphous phase in the coatings.

Numerical studies of atmospheric pressure glow discharge controlled by a dielectric barrier between two coaxial electrodes

The glow discharge in pure helium at atmospheric pressure, controlled by a dielectric barrier between coaxial electrodes, is investigated based on a one-dimensional self-consistent fluid model. By solving the continuity equations for electrons, ions, and excited atoms, with the current conservation equation and the electric field profile, the time evolution of the discharge current, gas voltage and the surface density of charged particles on the dielectric barrier are calculated. The simulation results show that the peak values of the discharge current, gas voltage and electric field in the first half period are asymmetric to the second half. When the current reaches its positive or negative maximum, the electric field profile, and the electron and ion densities represent similar properties to the typical glow discharge at low pressures. Obviously there exist a cathode fall, a negative glow region, and a positive column. Effects of the barrier position in between the two coaxial electrodes and the discharge gap width on discharge current characteristics are also analysed. The result indicates that, in the case when the dielectric covering the outer electrode only, the gas is punctured earlier during the former half period and later during the latter half period than other cases, also the current peak value is higher, and the difference of pulse width between the two half periods is more obvious. On reducing the gap width, the multiple current pulse discharge happens.

Two-dimensional numerical research on effects of titanium target bombarded by TEMPⅡ accelerator

Two-dimensional numerical research has been carried out on the ablation effects of titanium target irradiated by intense pulsed ion beam （IPIB） generated by TEMP Ⅱ accelerator. Temporal and spatial evolution of the ablation process of the target during a pulse time has been simulated. We have come to the conclusion that the melting and evaporating process begin from the surface and the target is ablated layer by layer when the target is irradiated by the IPIB. Meanwhile, we also obtained the result that the average ablation velocity in target central region is about 10 m/s, which is far less than the ejection velocity of the plume plasma formed by irradiation. Different effects have been compared to the different ratio of the ions and different energy density of IPIB while the target is irradiated by pulsed beams.

Preparation of Al/Si functionally graded materials using ultrasonic separation method

Functionally graded materials(FGM)have been widely used in many industries such as aerospace, energy and electronics.In this experimental study of fabricating FGM,an approach was developed to prepare Al/Si FGM using power ultrasonic separation method.Material sample with continuously changing composition and performance/properties was successfully produced.Results showed that the microstructure of the FGM sample transited,from its top to bottom,from the hypereutectic structure with a large quantity of primary Si gradually to the eutectic,and finally to the hypoeutectic with numerous primary Al dendrites.The distribution of primary Si and microhardness of the FGM sample also presented graded characteristics,resulting that the wear resistance of the FGM sample decreased from top to bottom.Preliminary discussion was made on the mechanism of the formation of Al/Si FGM.

Structure defect prediction of single crystal turbine blade by dendrite envelope tracking model

The structure defects such as stray grains during unidirectional solidification can severely reduce the performance of single crystal turbine blades. A dendrite envelope tracking model is developed for predicting the structure defects of unidirectional solidification turbine blade. The normal vector of dendrite envelope is estimated by the gradient of dendrite volume fraction, and the growth velocity of the dendrite envelope (dendrite tips) is calculated with considering the anisotropy of grain growth. The solute redistribution at dendrite envelope is calculated by introducing an effective solute partition coefficient. Simulation tests show that the solute-build-up due to the rejection at envelope greatly affects grain competition and consequently solidification structure. The model is applied to predict the structure defects (e.g. stray grain) of single crystal turbine blade during unidirectional solidification. The results show that the developed model is reliable and has the following abilities: reproduce the growth competition among the different-preferential-direction grains; predict the stray grain formation; simulate the structure evolution (single crystal or dendrite grains).

Numerical Simulation on Expansion Process of Ablation Plasma Induced by Intense Pulsed Ion Beam

我们在场为脱离血浆的过程的数字模型由强烈搏动的离子横梁(IPID ) 导致了的一个一个维的时间依赖者。铝目标的脱离血浆的密度，速度，温度，和压力的进化被获得。数字结果与相对试验性的数据一致好。IPIB 导致的脱离血浆的扩大过程包括强烈非线性的效果和那个冲击波，这被显示出出现在脱离血浆的繁殖期间。

Reflection of Electromagnetic Waves by a Nonuniform Plasma Layer Covering a Metal Surface

在有电子，积极离子和否定离子的不一致的血浆层的电磁波的思考系数，盖住金属表面被使用 finite-difference-time-domain 方法调查。思考系数被密度坡度在层边，层厚度和电子比例上极大地影响，这被显示出，即，否定离子的效果。低思考或高变细能被适当地在高频率政体在低频率政体，而是锋利的密度坡度选择高电子比例，厚血浆层，和光滑的密度坡度到达，这也被发现。

Oxygen-Free Conversion of Methane to Ethylene in a Plasma-Followed-by-Catalyst (PFC) Reactor

Oxygen-free conversion of methane to ethylene was investigated in a two-stage plasma-followed-by-catalyst （PFC） reactor. In the absence of catalyst, pulsed spark discharges and pulsed corona discharges were compared for methane conversion. The results showed that methane was mainly converted to acetylene, but pulsed spark discharges exhibited distinct advantages over the pulsed corona discharges in methane conversion. Thereby, pulsed spark discharges were employed and followed by Ag-Pd/SiO2 catalyst for achieving ethylene as a target product in the PFC reactor. Using the PFC reactor, a steady single-pass ethylene yield of 57% was obtained at a rate of methane conversion of 74%.

The Study of Active Atoms in High-Voltage Pulsed Coronal Discharge by Optical Diagnostics

In this study, the emission spectra of active atoms O (3p5P → 3s5S20 777.4 nm), Hα (3P → 2S 656.3 nm) and N (3p4P → 3sαS0 742.3 nm, 744.2 nm, 746.8 nm) produced by the positive high-voltage pulsed corona discharge (HVPCD) of N2 and H2O mixture in a needle-plate reactor have successfully been recorded against a severe electromagnetic interference coming from the HVPCD at one atmosphere. The effects of the peak voltage, the repetition rate of pulsed discharge and the flow rate of oxygen on the production of those active atoms are investigated. It is found that when the peak voltage and the repetition rate of the pulsed discharge are increased, the emission intensities of those active atoms rise correspondingly. And the emission intensities of O (3p5P → 3s5S20 777.4 nm), Hα (3P → 2S 656.3 nm) and N (3p4P → 3s4S0 742.3 nm, 744.2 nm, 746.8 nm) increase with the flow rate of oxygen (from 0 to 25 ml/min) and achieve a maximum value at a flow rate of 25 ml/min. When the flow rate of oxygen is increased further, the emission intensities of those atoms visibly decrease correspondingly. The main physicochemical processes of interaction involved between electrons, neutrals and ions are also discussed.

Theoretical analysis of ion kinetic energies and DLC film deposition by CH4＋ Ar （He） dielectric barrier discharge plasmas

The kinetic energy of ions in dielectric barrier discharge plasmas are analysed theoretically using the model of binary collisions between ions and gas molecules. Langevin equation for ions in other gases, Blanc law for ions in mixed gases, and the two-temperature model for ions at higher reduced field are used to determine the ion mobility. The kinetic energies of ions in CH4 ＋ Ar（He） dielectric barrier discharge plasma at a fixed total gas pressure and various Ar （He） concentrations are calculated. It is found that with increasing Ar （He） concentration in CH4 ＋ Ar （He） from 20% to 83%, the CH4＋ kinetic energy increases from 69.6 （43.9） to 92.1 （128.5）eV, while the Ar＋ （He＋） kinetic energy decreases from 97 （145.2） to 78.8 （75.5）eV. The increase of CH4＋ kinetic energy is responsible for the increase of hardness of diamond-like carbon films deposited by CH4 ＋ Ar （He） dielectric barrier discharge without bias voltage over substrates.

Structure and Tribology Property of Carbon Nitride Films Deposited by MW-ECR Plasma Enhanced Unbalanced Magnetron Sputtering

Carbon nitride films were deposited by a twinned microwave electron cyclotron resonance （ECR） plasma source enhanced unbalanced magnetron sputtering system. The results indicate that the structure of the films is sensitive to the nitrogen content. The increase in the nitrogen flow ratio leads to an increase in the sp3 content and an improvement of the tribological properties.

Effect of a High Magnetic Field on the Shape of the γ' Precipitates in Cast Nickel-based Superalloy K52

The shape change of the γ＇ precipitates of cast Ni-based superalloy K52 after aging treatment under a high magnetic field was investigated. The results show that duplex γ＇ precipitates are present in the γ matrix after aging treatment with or without the magnetic field. One is the coarse particles with average size of 500 nm; the other is fine spherical γ＇ precipitates with average of 100 nm in diameter. The application of a 10T magnetic field only results in the shape of the coarse γ＇ particles changing from spherical to cuboidal when the alloys subjected to the same heat treatments. This shape change was mainly discussed based on the strain energy increase caused by the difference in magnetostriction between the γ matrix and γ＇ precipitates. The fine γ＇ particles still keep spherical. Further TEM observations shows that a number of γ particles in nano-scale precipitate in the coarse γ＇ particles in the specimens treated without the magnetic field. In addition, it was found that the magnetic field caused the decrease of the hardness in the alloy, and the hardness was associated with the field direction.

Influence of soaking time on nonlinear electrical behavior and dielectric properties of TiO_2-based varistor ceramics

The influence of soaking time on the nonlinear electrical behavior and dielectric properties of TiO2-based varistor ceramics was investigated. Based on single sintering process,six disk samples of (Sr,Bi,Si,Ta)-doped TiO2-based varistor ceramics were fabricated by sintering at 1 250 ℃ for 0.5-5.0 h. The samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction,voltage-current characteristics,energy spectra,metallographs,breakdown voltages,and apparent dielectric constant. It is found that the breakdown electrical field intensity at a current density of 10 mA/cm2 decreases from 5.5 to 4.1 V/mm first and then increases to 7.0 V/mm,the nonlinear coefficient increases from 2.39 to 2.62 first and then decreases to 2.42,and the apparent dielectric constant increases from 98 200 to 115 049 first and then decreases to 73 865 with the soaking time increasing from 0.5 to 5.0 h. These indicate that the optimal soaking time is 2.0-3.0 h considering both nonlinear electrical behavior and dielectric properties.

Static and dynamic finite element analysis of 304 stainless steel rod and wire hot continuous rolling process

Three-dimensional finite element models were developed to analyze 304 stainless steel rod and wire hot continuous rolling process with the help of MSC.Marc software. The entire 30-pass deformation process and the actual parameters of production line were taken into account. Static and dynamic procedures were used to study the continuous rolling process with the aid of the thermo-mechanical coupled FEM of elastic-plasticity. The properties of billets, such as deformation, temperature field and rolling force, were mainly discussed. The simulation results of temperature agree well with the measured values. Comparisons of the analysis results obtained using static implicit method and dynamic implicit method were presented. It is shown that static implicit procedure is more accurate than dynamic implicit procedure and is able to simulate the rolling process with a lower speed, such as a roughing mill. Whereas, dynamic analysis shows a higher efficiency than static analysis and is fit for simulating the rolling process with a higher speed, such as a finishing mill.

Approximate Design of Alloy Composition of Cathode Target

An empirical formula for composition demixing analysis in cathodic arc ion plating using alloy target is established based on the concepts of average charged state and relative demixing parameter. The level of composition demixing effect is presented by demixing degree of one element. For binary constituent alloy target, the composition change trend in coating is discussed and the limit of demixing degree for each element is determined. The content of one element with higher average charged state gets larger in coating than in alloy target, at meantime, the content of one element with lower average charged state gets less. For each one of the two constituents, the less the atom percent in alloy target, the larger the difference of its contents between the coating and the target. For triple constituent alloy target, the content change of one element with moderate average charged state is discussed in detail. Its content in coating getting larger or less is determined by the combination result of the contents of the other two elements in alloy target. For a given content of the element with moderate average charged state in triple alloy target, the content deviation level of that element from coating to alloy target will be not larger than that using binary alloy target containing only that element and one of the two others. According to the wanted coating composition, the composition design of alloy target is easily deduced from the formula.

Effect of turbulent flow on electromagnetic elimination with high frequency magnetic field

The results of experiments and simulations show that there is a turbulent flow in the molten aluminum and it is hard to be restrained in the thin tubule (diameter of 6 mm) when the electromagnetic body force is applied. The electromagnetic elimination experimental results show that the flow has serious effect on the elimination of 5 μm alumina inclusions, but has little effect on the 30 μm and 100 μm primary silicon. The effects of the electromagnetic field and the turbulent flow on the electromagnetic elimination are discussed.

Numerical Study on Characteristics of Argon Radio-Frequency Glow Discharge with Varying gas Pressure

有从 1 Torr 改变线性地煤气的压力到 100 Torr 的氩 rf 发光分泌物上的一个维的液体模拟被执行。模型基于为在散开和活动性下面的电子和离子的集体保存方程，近似，和电子精力保存方程被有限的卷方法数字地解决。有高密度的一致血浆能与改变煤气的压力从 rf 发光分泌物被获得的数字结果表演，和血浆的密度作为压力从 1 Torr 改变到 100 Torr 的气体变得更高。它也与改变煤气的压力的更慢的率从 1 Torr 在煤气的压力的范围被看那到 100 Torr，血浆的更高的密度能被获得。

A Green Process for High-Concentration Ethylene and Hydrogen Production from Methane in a Plasma-Followed-by-Catalyst Reactor

A green process for the oxygen-free conversion of methane to high-concentration ethylene and hydrogen in a plasma-followed-by-catalyst （PFC） reactor is presented. Without any catalysts and with pure methane used as the feed gas, a stable kilohertz spark discharge leads to an acetylene yield of 64.1%, ethylene yield of 2.5% and hydrogen yield of 59.0% with 80.0% of methane conversion at a methane flow rate of 50 cm^3/min and a specific input energy of 38.4 kJ/L. In the effluent gas from a stable kilohertz spark discharge reactor, the concentrations of acetylene, ethylene and hydrogen were 18.1%, 0.7% and 66.9%, respectively. When catalysts Pd-Ag/SiO2 were employed in the second stage with discharge conditions same as in the case of plasma alone, the PFC reactor provides an ethylene yield of 52.1% and hydrogen yield of 43.4%. The concentrations of ethylene and hydrogen in the effluent gas from the PFC reactor were found to be as high as 17.1% and 62.6%, respectively. Moreover, no acetylene was detected in the effluent gas. This means that a high concentration of ethylene and oxygen-free hydrogen can be co-produced directly from methane in the PFC reactor.

Structure simulation in unidirectionally solidified turbine blade by dendrite envelope tracking model (Ⅱ): model validation and defects prediction

The developed model was validated by the checking of grain preferential growth orientation and the solidification experiment with low melting point alloy of Sn-21%Bi(mole fraction). It was also applied to predict the structure defects (e.g. stray grain) of unidirectionally solidified turbine blade. The results show that the developed model is reliable and has the following abilities: 1) reduce the misorientation caused by the orthogonal mesh used in simulation; 2) well reproduce the growth competition among the different-preferential-direction grains with less than 10% relative error; 3) predict the structure defect of stray grain with the accuracy over 80%; 4) optimize the grain selector to better obtain a single crystal avoiding the multigrain defect; 5) simulate the structure evolution (nucleation and growth) of the directional and single crystal turbine blade.