Metformin and tanshinone IIA as ethnodrugs protect heart against injury by inhibiting microRNA-1

OBJECTIVE To explore the protection mechanism of metformin and tanshinone IIA on myocardial injury.METHODS The cultured neonatal rat ventricular cells(NRVCs) were exposed to100 μmol·L^(-1) H2 O2 to simulate the in vitro model of ischemia-reperfusion injury.MTT,TUNEL and Viability/Cytotoxicity Assay were used to evaluate the effect of metformin on the viability of cardiomyocytes after treated with H2 O2.The target of miR-1 was verified by Dual luciferase reporter assay.ChIP analyses was adopted to reveal the relationship between C/EBP β and miR-1.Tanshinone IIA was administrated daily for 7 d before ligation of the left anterior descending artery(LAD) and lasted for 3 months after LAD.Whole-cell patch-clamp techniques were used to measure the inward rectifying K+ current(IK1) in rat isolated ventricular myocytes.GRP94,p-AMPKα,C/EBP β,CHOP,Caspase-3,Kir2.1,p38 MAPK,Cx43,MEF2 and SRF levels were analyzed by Western blot and miR-1 level was quantified by Realtime PCR.RESULTS The expression of miR-1 was significantly increased in NRVCs exposed to H2 O2 in vitro.miR-1 was shown to target the 3′-untranslated region(UTR) of GRP94,which results in the accumulation of un/misfolded proteins,leading to the endoplasmic reticulum(ER) stress.C/EBP β directly induces the upregulation of miR-1 by binding to its promoter.Furthermore,metformin,a direct allosteric AMPK activator,significantly reduces C/EBP β and miR-1 levels comparing with control group.Similarly,tanshinone IIA decreased the incidence of arrhythmias and relieved ischemia-induced injury.Moreover,tanshinone IIA depressed the elevated miR-1 level and inhibited the activation of p38 MAPK and heart special transcription factors SRF and MEF2 in ischemic cardiomyocytes.CONCLUSION Metformin protects cardiomyocytes against H2 O2 damage through AMPK/C/EBPβ/miR-1/GRP94 pathway.Tanshi.none IIA play a role in protection cardiomyocytes from ischemic injury based on inhibiting miR-1 expres.sion through p38 MAPK signal pathway.

Blue LED promotes the chemosensitivity of human hepatoma to Sorafenib by inducing DNA damage

Background:Phototherapies based on sunlight,infrared,ultraviolet,visible,and laser-based treatments present advantages like high curative effects,small invasion,and negligible adverse reactions in cancer treatment.We aimed to explore the potential therapeutic effects of blue light emitting diode(LED)in human hepatoma cells and decipher the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms.Methods:Wound healing and transwell assays were employed to probe the inhibition of the invasion and migration of hepatocellular carcinoma cells in the presence of blue LED.The sphere-forming test was used to evaluate the effect of LED blue light irradiation on cancer stem cell properties.Immunofluorescence and western blotting were used to detect the changes inγ-H2AX.The Cell Counting Kit-8 assay,5-ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine staining,and colony formation assay were used to detect the combined effect of blue LED and sorafenib on cell proliferation inhibition.Results:We demonstrated that the irradiation of blue LED light in hepatoma cells could lead to cell proliferation reduction along with the increase of cell apoptosis.Simultaneously,blue LED irradiation also markedly suppressed the migration and invasion ability of human hepatoma cells.Sphere formation analysis further revealed the decreased cancer stemness of hepatoma cells upon blue LED irradiation.Mechanistically,blue LED irradiation significantly promoted the expression of the phosphorylation of the core histone protein H2AX(γ-H2AX),a sensitive molecular marker of DNA damage.In addition,we found that the combined treatment of blue LED irradiation and sorafenib increased cancer cell sensitivity to sorafenib.Conclusion:Collectively,we demonstrated that blue LED irradiation exhibited anti-tumor effects on liver cancer cells by inducing DNA damage and could enhance chemosensitivity of cancer cells,which represents a potential approach for human hepatoma treatment.

Pharmacodynamics of frigid zone plant Taxus cuspidata S.et Z.against skin melanin deposition,oxidation,inflammation and allergy

Background:Taxus cuspidata S.et Z.is a precious species of frigid zone plant belonging to the Taxaceae family,which possesses anticancer,anti-inflammatory,hypoglycemic,and antibacterial pharmacological properties.While taxane extracted from Taxus chinensis has been reported to elicit antioxidant activities,whether Taxus cuspidata S.et Z.has skin-protective actions against injuries remained unknown.This study aims to explore the pharmacological effects of three Taxus extracts on skin melanin deposition,oxidation,inflammation,and allergy so as to provide new ideas for the prevention and treatment of various diseases related to skin damage.Methods:Skin melanin deposition was evaluated by measuring melanin content in the skin of guinea pigs by alkali lysis method.Antioxidant capacity was evaluated by measuring superoxide dismutase(SOD)concentration and glutathione(GSH)content in skin tissue homogenates of Kunming mice by SOD assay kit and micro reduced GSH assay kit.The quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction(qRT-PCR)and western blotting were used to examine the levels of both SOD and recombinant glutathione peroxidase 4(GPX4).Skin inflammation was evaluated by xylene-induced ear swelling test and egg-white-induced paw swelling test in mice.In a mouse model of skin allergy induced by 4-aminopyridine(4-AP),allergy was determined by licking body counts and histamine concentrations in tissue homogenates using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA)kits.Two proinflammatory factors tumor necrosis factor(TNF)-αand interleukin(IL)-1βwere measured by qRT-PCR.Hematoxylin and eosin(HE)staining was conducted to assess the degree of skin lesion.Results:All three Taxus extracts including Taxus chinensis essential oil,Taxus chinensis extract and Taxus chinensis extract compound reduced the melanin deposits in the back skin relative to the non-treated control animals,of which Taxus chinensis essential oil produced the greatest effect.In contrast,the three Taxus extracts elevated SOD and GSH levels in the skin tissues,and the highest increase was seen with Taxus chinensis essential oil.Three Taxus extracts,especially Taxus chinensis essential oil,effectively reduce the rate of ear and paw swelling.All three Taxus extracts reduced the number of body licks,the levels of TNF-αand IL-1β,and the histamine content in tissue homogenates of mice and alleviated skin damage.Consistently,Taxus chinensis essential oil yielded the greatest magnitude of decreases.Conclusion:While all three Taxus extracts possessed the anti-skin melanin deposition,oxidation,and allergy properties,Taxus chinensis essential oil produced the superior effects.

Inhibitory effect of M3 receptor antagonist 4-DAMP on melanoma proliferation of A375 cell line

Objective: he effect of M3 receptor antagonist 4-DAMP (4-diphenylacetoxy-N-methylpiperidine-methiodide) on the proliferation of melanoma were explored, and the development prospect and significance of M3 receptor antagonist in the field of anti-tumor were discussed. Methods: The viability of tumor cells was detected by MTT (3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2-H-tetrazolium bromide) colorimetry. The optimal concentration of 4-DAMP was screened and the effect of the drug was confirmed by EdU (5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine) fluorescence staining. Adult male BALB/c nude mice were divided into control group, 5-Fu (5-Fluorouracil, 5-Fluorouracil, 20 mg/kg/d) group and 4-DAMP (2 mg/kg/d) group to establishtumor-bearing model in vivo. The tumor volume curve was calculated and plotted. Mice were killed after 21 days of continuous administration. Strip the tumor, take pictures and meatured the weighs, and calculate the inhibition rate. [1]The spleen was weighed and the spleen index was culculated. H & E staining was used to observe the pathological changes of tumor sections. The gene expression of M3R、MIA (Melanoma inhibitory activity, MIA)、SP-1 (Transcription factor Sp1, SP-1) and Lnc-SPRY4-IT1 (SPRY4 Intronic Transcript 1,Lnc-SPRY4-IT1) in A375 cell line was detected by real-time quantitative PCR (quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction, qRT-PCR). The protein level of ERK1/2 (extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2,ERK1/2) was detected by Western Blot. Results: 4-DAMP could significantly inhibit the activity of A375 cell line (P < 0.01), and EdU staining demonstrated that 4-DAMP inhibited the growth of A375 cell line. The results of animal experiments showed that compared with the control group, the volume and mass of tumor in 5-Fu group and 4-DAMP group were significantly reduced (P < 0.05) and H & E staining showed that the intercellular space became larger, connective tissue increased, and tumor growth was obstructed. Compared with the control group, the tumor inhibition rate of 4-DAMP group was 72.01% (P < 0.01). There was no significant difference in body mass and spleen index. Compared with the control group, the expression of MIA, SP-1 and LncRNA-SPRY4-IT1 was decreased by 4-DAMP or si-M3R transfection. Compared with the control group, the expression of ERK1/2 was decreased by 4-DAMP or si-M3R transfection. Conclusions: These results suggest that M3 receptor antagonist 4-DAMP can inhibit the proliferation of melanoma and reduce the expression of mRNA of MIA, SP-1 and LncRNA-SPRY4-IT1 and the protein level of ERK1/2 in A375 tumor cells.

HYD-PEP06 suppresses hepatocellular carcinoma metastasis,epithelial-mesenchymal transition and cancer stem cell-like properties by inhibiting PI3K/AKT and WNT/β-catenin signaling activation

HYD-PEP06,an endostatin-modified polypeptide,has been shown to produce effective anticolorectal carcinoma effects through inhibiting epithelial-mesenchymal transition(EMT).However,whether HYD-PEP06 has similar suppressive effect on hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) remained unknown.In this study,HYD-PEP06 inhibited metastasis and EMT but not proliferation in vitro.Cignal finder pathway reporter array and Western blot analysis revealed that HYD-PEP06 suppressed HCCLM3 cell metastasis and EMT by inhibiting the PI3 K/AKT pathway.Moreover,HYD-PEP06 exerted antimetastasis effects in HepG2 cancer stem-like cells(CSCs) via suppressing the WNT/β-catenin signaling pathway.Finally,in HCCLM3 tumor-bearing BALB/c nu/nu nude mice,HYD-PEP06 substantially suppressed tumor growth,lung metastasis and HCC progress.Our results suggest that HYD-PEP06 inhibits the metastasis and EMT of HCC and CSCs as well,and thus has the potential as an agent for HCC treatment.

Exosomes secreted from cardiomyocytes suppress the sensitivity of tumor ferroptosis in ischemic heart failure

Heart failure(HF)patients in general have a higher risk of developing cancer.Several animal studies have indicated that cardiac remodeling and HF remarkably accelerate tumor progression,highlighting a cause-and-effect relationship between these two disease entities.Targeting ferroptosis,a prevailing form of non-apoptotic cell death,has been considered a promising therapeutic strategy for human cancers.Exosomes critically contribute to proximal and distant organ-organ communications and play crucial roles in regulating diseases in a paracrine manner.However,whether exosomes control the sensitivity of cancer to ferroptosis via regulating the cardiomyocyte-tumor cell crosstalk in ischemic HF has not yet been explored.Here,we demonstrate that myocardial infarction(MI)decreased the sensitivity of cancer cells to the canonical ferroptosis activator erastin or imidazole ketone erastin in a mouse model of xenograft tumor.Post-MI plasma exosomes potently blunted the sensitivity of tumor cells to ferroptosis inducers both in vitro in mouse Lewis lung carcinoma cell line LLC and osteosarcoma cell line K7M2 and in vivo with xenograft tumorigenesis model.The expression of miR-22-3p in cardiomyocytes and plasma-exosomes was significantly upregulated in the failing hearts of mice with chronic MI and of HF patients as well.Incubation of tumor cells with the exosomes isolated from post-MI mouse plasma or overexpression of miR-22-3p alone abrogated erastin-induced ferroptotic cell death in vitro.Cardiomyocyte-enriched miR-22-3p was packaged in exosomes and transferred into tumor cells.Inhibition of cardiomyocyte-specific miR-22-3p by AAV9 sponge increased the sensitivity of cancer cells to ferroptosis.ACSL4,a pro-ferroptotic gene,was experimentally established as a target of miR-22-3p in tumor cells.Taken together,our findings uncovered for the first time that MI suppresses erastin-induced ferroptosis through releasing miR-22-3p-enriched exosomes derived from cardiomyocytes.Therefore,targeting exosome-mediated cardiomyocyte/tumor pathological communication may offer a novel approach for the ferroptosis-based antitumor therapy.

Mitochondrial uncoupler triclosan induces vasorelaxation of rat arteries

Our previous studies found that mitochondrial uncouplers induced vasodilation. Triclosan, the broad spectrum antibacterial agent, is the active ingredient in soaps and toothpastes. It was reported that triclosan induced mitochondrial uncoupling, so we aim to investigate the effects of triclosan on vascular function of rat mesenteric arteries and aorta. The isometric tension of rat mesenteric artery and thoracic aorta was recorded by multi-wire myograph system. The cytosolic [Ca^(2+)]_i, mitochondrial reactive oxygen species(mitoROS), and mitochondrial membrane potential of smooth muscle cells(A10 cells) were measured using laser scanning confocal microscopy. Triclosan treatment relaxed phenylephrine(PE)-and high K^(+)(KPSS)-induced constriction, and pre-treatment with triclosan inhibited PE-and KPSS-induced constriction of rat mesenteric arteries. In rat thoracic aorta, triclosan also relaxed PE-and KPSS-induced constriction. Triclosan induces vasorelaxation without involving KATPchannel activation in smooth muscle cells of arteries.Triclosan treatment increased cytosolic [Ca^(2+)]_i, mitochondrial ROS production and depolarized mitochondrial membrane potential in A10 cells. In conclusion, triclosan induces mitochondrial uncoupling in vascular smooth muscle cells and relaxes the constricted rat mesenteric arteries and aorta of rats. The present results suggest that triclosan would indicate vasodilation effect if absorbed excessively in vivo.

Mettl13 protects against cardiac contractile dysfunction by negatively regulating C-Cbl-mediated ubiquitination of SERCA2a in ischemic heart failure

Ischemic heart failure(HF)remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality.Maintaining homeostasis of cardiac function and preventing cardiac remodeling deterioration are critical to halting HF progression.Methyltransferase-like protein 13(Mettl13)has been shown to regulate protein translation efficiency by acting as a protein lysine methyltransferase,but its role in cardiac pathology remains unexplored.This study aims to characterize the roles and mechanisms of Mettl13 in cardiac contractile function and HF.We found that Mettl13 was downregulated in the failing hearts of mice post-myocardial infarction(MI)and in a cellular model of oxidative stress.Cardiomyocyte-specific overexpression of Mettl13 mediated by AAV9-Mettl13 attenuated cardiac contractile dysfunction and fibrosis in response to MI,while silencing of Mettl13 impaired cardiac function in normal mice.Moreover,Mettl13 overexpression abrogated the reduction in cell shortening,Ca^(2+)transient amplitude and SERCA2a protein levels in the cardiomyocytes of adult mice with MI.Conversely,knockdown of Mettl13 impaired the contractility of cardiomyocytes,and decreased Ca^(2+)transient amplitude and SERCA2a protein expression in vivo and in vitro.Mechanistically,Mettl13 impaired the stability of c-Cbl by inducing lysine methylation of c-Cbl,which in turn inhibited ubiquitination-dependent degradation of SERCA2a.Furthermore,the inhibitory effects of knocking down Mettl13 on SERCA2a protein expression and Ca^(2+)transients were partially rescued by silencing c-Cbl in H_(2)O_(2)-treated cardiomyocytes.In conclusion,our study uncovers a novel mechanism that involves the Mettl13/c-Cbl/SERCA2a axis in regulating cardiac contractile function and remodeling,and identifies Mettl13 as a novel therapeutic target for ischemic HF.