Novel Scheme for Robust Confusion Component Selection Based on Pythagorean Fuzzy Set

The substitution box,often known as an S-box,is a nonlinear component that is a part of several block ciphers.Its purpose is to protect cryptographic algorithms from a variety of cryptanalytic assaults.A Multi-Criteria Decision Making(MCDM)problem has a complex selection procedure because of having many options and criteria to choose from.Because of this,statistical methods are necessary to assess the performance score of each S-box and decide which option is the best one available based on this score.Using the Pythagorean Fuzzy-based Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution(TOPSIS)method,the major objective of this investigation is to select the optimal S-box to be implemented from a pool of twelve key choices.With the help of the Pythagorean fuzzy set(PFS),the purpose of this article is to evaluate whether this nonlinear component is suitable for use in a variety of encryption applications.In this article,we have considered various characteristics of S-boxes,including nonlinearity,algebraic degree,strict avalanche criterion(SAC),absolute indicator,bit independent criterion(BIC),sum of square indicator,algebraic immunity,transparency order,robustness to differential cryptanalysis,composite algebraic immunity,signal to noise ratio-differential power attack(SNR-DPA),and confusion coefficient variance on some standard S-boxes that are Advanced Encryption Following this,the findings of the investigation are changed into Pythagorean fuzzy numbers in the shape of a matrix.This matrix is then subjected to an analysis using the TOPSIS method,which is dependent on the Pythagorean fuzzy set,to rank the most suitable S-box for use in encryption applications.

Classification of Nonlinear Confusion Component Using Hybrid Multi-Criteria Decision Making

In today’s digital world,the most inevitable challenge is the protection of digital information.Due to the weak confidentiality preserving techniques,the existing world is facing several digital information breaches.To make our digital data indecipherable to the unauthorized person,a technique forfinding a crypto-graphically strong Substitution box(S-box)have presented.An S-box with sound cryptographic assets such as nonlinearity(NL),strict avalanche criterion(SAC),bit independence criteria(BIC),bit independence criteria of nonlinearity(BIC-NL),Bit independence criteria of Strict avalanche criteria(BIC-SAC),and Input/output XOR is considered as the robust S-box.The Decision-Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory(DEMATEL)approach of multi-criteria decision making(MCDM)is proposed forfinding the interrelation among cryptographic properties.A combination of two MCDM methods namely Entropy and multi-objective optimization based on ratio analysis(MOORA)is applied for the best S-box selection.A robust substitution box is selected for secure communications in cryptography by using the combination of DEMETAL selection criteria,entro-py weight assigning,and MOORA ranking scheme.The combination of these three methods provides a fast selection procedure for the secure confusion com-ponent.The offered selection method can also be utilized for the choice of the best cryptosystem with highly secure properties and resistive against all possible linear and differential attacks in the cryptanalysis.

Octogenarian patients with colorectal cancer: Characterizing an emerging clinical entity

To characterize colorectal cancer (CRC) in octogenarians as compared with younger patients.METHODSA single-center, retrospective cohort study which included patients diagnosed with CRC at the age of 80 years or older between 2008-2013. A control group included consecutive patients younger than 80 years diagnosed with CRC during the same period. Clinicopathological characteristics, treatment and outcome were compared between the groups. Fisher’s exact test was used for dichotomous variables and χ2 was used for variables with more than two categories. Overall survival was assessed by Kaplan-Meier survival analysis, with the log-rank test. Cancer specific survival (CSS) and disease-free survival were assessed by the Cox proportional hazards model, with the Fine and Gray correction for non-cancer death as a competing risk.RESULTSThe study included 350 patients, 175 patients in each group. Median follow-up was 40.2 mo (range 1.8-97.5). Several significant differences were noted. Octogenarians had a higher proportion of Ashkenazi ethnicity (64.8% vs 47.9%, P < 0.001), a higher rate of personal history of other malignancies (22.4% vs 13.7%, P = 0.035) and lower rates of family history of any cancer (36.6% vs 64.6%, P < 0.001) and family history of CRC (14.4% vs 27.3%, P = 0.006). CRC diagnosis by screening was less frequent in octogenarians (5.7% vs 20%, P < 0.001) and presentation with performance status (PS) of 0-1 was less common in octogenarians (71% vs 93.9%, P < 0.001). Octogenarians were more likely to have tumors located in the right colon (45.7% vs 34.3%, P = 0.029) and had a lower prevalence of well differentiated histology (10.4% vs 19.3%, P = 0.025). They received less treatment and treatment was less aggressive, both in patients with metastatic and non-metastatic disease, regardless of PS. Their 5-year CSS was worse (63.4% vs 77.6%, P = 0.009), both for metastatic (21% vs 43%, P = 0.03) and for non-metastatic disease (76% vs 88%, P = 0.028).CONCLUSIONOctogenarians presented with several distinct characteristics and had worse outcome. Further research is warranted to better define this growing population.

动脉粥样硬化血栓形成门诊患者1年内心血管事件的发生率

背景：目前，有关社区中动脉粥样硬化血栓形成稳定患者心血管（cardiovascular，CV）事件发生率的资料比较少，既往也无国际性队列研究对冠状动脉病（coronary artery disease，CAD）、脑血管病（cerebrovascular disease，CVD）、外周动脉病（peripheral arterial disease，PAD）确诊患者以及此类疾病高危患者不同事件的发生率进行评估。 目的：在患有动脉疾病的门诊患者或存在多个动脉粥样硬化血栓形成危险因素的门诊患者中确定当今世界1年内CV事件的发生率。 设计、地点及参试者：“减少动脉粥样硬化血栓形成维系健康（Reduction of Artherotllrombosis for Continued Health，REACH）”注册研究是一项国际前瞻性队列研究。研究人员于2003—2004年从44个国家、5587名医生入选68236例已确诊的动脉粥样硬化性血管病患者（CAD、PAD、CVD；n=55814）以及至少存在3个动脉粥样硬化血栓形成危险因素的患者（n=12422）。 主要观测指标：CV死亡、心肌梗死（myocardial infarction，MI）及卒中的发生率。结果：截至2006年7月，共有95．22％的患者（n=64977）提供了1年内的结局。心血管死亡、MI及卒中的总体发生率为4．24％；动脉粥样硬化性血管病患者为4．69％，仅存在多个危险因素的患者为2．15％。CAD、CVD及PAD患者CV死亡、MI及卒中的总体发生率分别为4．52％、6．47％和5．35％。CAD、CVD及PAD患者发生终点事件（即CV死亡、MI、卒中）以及因动脉粥样硬化血栓形成事件入院的几率分别为15．20％、14．53％和21．14％。上述事件发生率随症状性动脉疾病病变部位数量的增加而增加，仅存在危险因素的患者为5．31％，有1处症状性动脉疾病的患者为12．58％，有2处症状性动脉疾病的患者为21．14％，有3处症状性动脉疾病的患者为26．27％（趋势P〈0．001）。 结论：在这项当代大型国际研究中，患有动脉粥样硬化性血管病的门诊患者以及有动脉粥样硬化血栓形成危险的门诊患者CV事件的年发生率相对较高。存在多部位病变者CV事件的1年发生率升高。

Generalization of Advanced Encryption Standard Based on Field of Any Characteristic

Nowadays most communications are done by utilizing digital transmission mechanisms.The security of this digital information transmitted through different communication systems is quite important.The secrecy of digital data is one of the burning topics of the digitally developed world.There exist many traditional algorithms in the literature to provide methods for robust communication.The most important and recent modern block cipher named the advanced encryption standard(AES)is one of the extensively utilized encryption schemes with binary based.AES is a succession of four fundamental steps:round key,sub-byte,shift row,and mix column.In this work,we will provide an innovative methodology for extending the AES in a Galois fieldwith any characteristic p.All four steps in the fundamental process with binary characteristics will be adjusted because of the new enhancement.By applying double affine transformations,we have enhanced the number of options in our suggested substitution boxes.The reconstruction of the nonlinear confusion component and encryption structure provides robustness in the generalized AES.The increase in the keyspace due to the Galois field generalization implies that we have improved additional confusion abilities and broadened the current notions.The implementation of the proposed structure of AES for image,audio,and video encryption will provide high security for secure communication.

Retrospective analysis of chronic hepatitis C in untreated patients with nonlinear mixed effects model

It is well known that viral load of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) is related to the efficacy of interferon therapy. The complex biological parameters that impact on viral load are essentially unknown. The current knowledge of the hepatitis C virus does not provide a mathematical model for viral load dynamics within untreated patients. We car-ried out an empirical modelling to investigate whether different fluctuation patterns exist and how these patterns (if exist) are related to host-specific factors. Data was prospectively col-lected from 147 untreated patients chronically infected with hepatitis C, each contributing be-tween 2 to 10 years of measurements. We pro-pose to use a three parameter logistic model to describe the overall pattern of viral load fluctua-tion based on an exploratory analysis of the data. To incorporate the correlation feature of longitu-dinal data and patient to patient variation, we introduced random effects components into the model. On the basis of this nonlinear mixed ef-fects modelling, we investigated effects of host-specific factors on viral load fluctuation by in-corporating covariates into the model. The pro-posed model provided a good fit for describing fluctuations of viral load measured with varying frequency over different time intervals. The aver-age viral load growth time was significantly dif-ferent between infection sources. There was a large patient to patient variation in viral load as-ymptote.

HAART时代HIV感染儿童的机会感染及其他感染发生率的研究

Context:Combination antiretroviral therapy or highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has resulted in a dramatic decline in the incidence of opportunistic and other infections in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected adults and children. Objectives:To estimate the incidence of 29 targeted opportunistic and other infections occurring in the era of HAART -between January 1,2001,and December 31,2004 -in HIV-infected infants,children,and adolescents followed up in Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trials Group (PACTG) 219C; to compare incidence rates in the HAART era to those of the pre-HAART era; and to test for linear trends over time in the HAART era. Design,Setting,and Participants:Ongoing,multicenter,prospective cohort study designed to examine long-term outcomes in HIV-infected children. The study population included 2767 children enrolled between September 15,2000,and December 31,2004,with information entered in the database up to August 1,2005,when data analysis was conducted. The pre-HAART era comparison population included 3331 children enrolled in 13 PACTG protocols from October 1988 to August 1998.Main Outcome Measures:First occurrence of each of the 29 targeted infections. Results:Seventy-five percent of the children were enrolled in 2000 and 2001,90%acquired HIV perinatally,52%were girls,and 59%were black. The median age was 8.2 years (range,6-13 years). The median duration of follow-up was 3.4 years.Overall,553 first episodes of a specific infection occurred among 395 (14%) of the study participants. The number of events for the 4 most common first-time infections and their incidence rates (IRs) per 100 person-years were 123 bacterial pneumonia (IR,2.15; 95%confidence interval CI ,1.79-2.56),77 herpes zoster (IR,1.11; 95%CI,0.88-1.39),57 dermatophyte infections (IR,0.88; 0.67-1.14),and 52 oral candidiasis (IR,0.93; 95%CI,0.70-1.22). Incidencerates of first bacteremia,Pneumocystis jeroveci pneumonia,disseminated Mycobacterium avium complex,lymphoid interstitial pneumonitis,systemic fungal infection,cytomegalovirus retinitis,and tuberculosis were all less than 0.50 per 100 person-years. There were no statistically significant linear trends in incidence for any of the 29 infections over the 4 calendar years. However,infection rates were significantly lower than those reported in the PACTG in the pre-HAART era. The pre-HAART IRs were as follows:for bacterial pneumonia,IR,11.1; 95%CI,10.3-12.0; bacteremia,IR,3.3; 95%CI,2.9-3.8; herpes zoster,IR,2.9; 95%CI,2.6-3.3; disseminated M avium complex,IR,1.8; 95%CI,1.5-2.1; P jeroveci,IR,1.3; 95%CI,1.1-1.6; oral candidiasis,IR,1.2;95%CI,1.0-1.5; cytomegalovirus retinitis,IR,0.5; 95%CI,0.3-0.6; and tuberculosis,IR,0.2; 95%CI,0.1-0.4.Conclusions:Opportunistic infections and other related infections are uncommon in children in the HAART era,and infection rates continue to be lower than those reported in the pre-HAART era. Continued surveillance is important to assess the long-term effect of HAART on the occurrence of opportunistic and other related in fections in children.

格列美脲与匹格列酮对2型糖尿病患者颈动脉内膜中层厚度影响的比较研究：随机试验

背景：颈动脉内膜中层厚度（carotid artery intima—media thickness，CIMT）是冠状动脉粥样硬化的一种标志物，可以独立地预测心血管事件的发生。2型糖尿病患者心血管事件有所增加。尽管相对短期的研究显示，噻唑烷二酮类药物（例如匹格列酮）可以减缓CIMT的进展，但是长期研究结果目前尚不明确。 目的：与格列美脲比较，评估匹格列酮对2型糖尿病患者颈总动脉CIMT变化的影响。 设计、地点及参试者：2003年10月至2006年5月于芝加哥城区28家临床单位收治的2型糖尿病患者中进行随机、双盲、对照、多中心试验。治疗期为72周（随访1周）。在每个中心由一位超声检查操作者采集CIMT影像，由一位不了解治疗分组情况的判读者应用自动边缘检测技术进行判读。462例2型糖尿病成人患者（平均年龄，60[SD，8．1]岁；平均体重指数，32[SD，5．1]；平均病程7．7[SD，7．2]年；平均糖化血红蛋白值[HbA1c]，7．4％[SD，1．0％]）或者为新近确诊，或者为目前已接受饮食／锻炼、磺酰脲类、二甲双胍、胰岛素或联合治疗的患者。 干预：盐酸匹格列酮（15—45 mg／d）和作为有效比较的格列美脲（1—4mg／d）。主要观测指标：与基线比较，最后随访时左右两侧颈总动脉后壁平均CIMT的绝对变化。 结果：与格列美脲比较，各时点（24、48、72周）匹格列酮组CIMT的平均变化较小。72周时，匹格列酮组与格列美脲组比较，平均CIMT进展一级终点较小（分别为-0.001mm和＋0．012mm；差别为-0．013mm；95％可信区间，-0．024至-0．002；P=0．02）。与格列美脲比较，匹格列酮还可减缓最大CIMT进展（72周时分别为0．002mm和0．026mm；差别为-0．024mm；95％可信区间，-0．042至-0．006；P=0．008）。在根据年龄、性别、收缩压、DM病程、体重指数、Hb1C。值以及他汀类药物使用预先确定的各亚组间，匹格列酮对平均CIMT的有益效应相似。 结论：与格列美脲比较，在为期18个月的治疗期间，匹格列酮减缓了2型糖尿病患者CIMT的进展。