At present about 60% of ecosystem has been damaged and degraded severely, resulting in enormous eco logical loss globally. The essential cause is the irrational utilization of ecosystem by humankind, so it is the key ...At present about 60% of ecosystem has been damaged and degraded severely, resulting in enormous eco logical loss globally. The essential cause is the irrational utilization of ecosystem by humankind, so it is the key to changing improper environmental performance of humankind so as to prevent ecosystem from being damaged. The quantitative valuation on the loss of ecological damage is an effective tool to guide human eco environmental per formance. In this paper, the concepts related to the valuation on ecological damage cost are introduced; uncertain ties that might arise in the valuation on the loss of ecological damage such as area coverage of valuation, ecological damage quantity, borders of ecological damage cost and data support are analyzed; and the valuation approaches for the loss of ecological damage are also discussed. As a case study, the economic losses of ecological damage of forest in 2005 in China are valuated.展开更多
To lower pharmaceutical expenditure,the Chinese government has replaced the Fixed Percent Markup (FPM) policy with the policies of the Separation of Outpatient Pharmacies from Hospitals (SOPH) and the Zero Markup Drug...To lower pharmaceutical expenditure,the Chinese government has replaced the Fixed Percent Markup (FPM) policy with the policies of the Separation of Outpatient Pharmacies from Hospitals (SOPH) and the Zero Markup Drug (ZMD).We build a multistage game theoretic model comprising a hospital and a drugstore to analyze the policies' impacts on the providers' drug selection and pricing behaviors.By comparing the equihibrium outcomes,we draw the following conclusions:(i) FPM,especially for one imposing a strict margin ceiling,actually induces an expensive prescription given patients' great compliance.(ii) Both SOPH and ZMD can conditionally lower patients' expenditure,and their performances rely on the hospital's selection.(iii) A proper rate of insurance coverage and a removal of drug rebate are helpful to improve the policies' performance.展开更多
Economics textbooks have long considered the financial market a barometer of the economy:More specifically,the stock market is considered a barometer of the economies of European and American countries,where direct fi...Economics textbooks have long considered the financial market a barometer of the economy:More specifically,the stock market is considered a barometer of the economies of European and American countries,where direct financing dominates.In China-where indirect financing dominates-it is the banking sector that acts as a barometer of the economy.At present,the economists have been arguing whether the Chinese economy is currently entering a new cycle.To this end,it is practical and significant to determine whether the banking sector is at a turning point.展开更多
文摘At present about 60% of ecosystem has been damaged and degraded severely, resulting in enormous eco logical loss globally. The essential cause is the irrational utilization of ecosystem by humankind, so it is the key to changing improper environmental performance of humankind so as to prevent ecosystem from being damaged. The quantitative valuation on the loss of ecological damage is an effective tool to guide human eco environmental per formance. In this paper, the concepts related to the valuation on ecological damage cost are introduced; uncertain ties that might arise in the valuation on the loss of ecological damage such as area coverage of valuation, ecological damage quantity, borders of ecological damage cost and data support are analyzed; and the valuation approaches for the loss of ecological damage are also discussed. As a case study, the economic losses of ecological damage of forest in 2005 in China are valuated.
基金supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under grant Nos.71390334 and 71661167009the National Social Science Fund under grant No.KBN15001531.
文摘To lower pharmaceutical expenditure,the Chinese government has replaced the Fixed Percent Markup (FPM) policy with the policies of the Separation of Outpatient Pharmacies from Hospitals (SOPH) and the Zero Markup Drug (ZMD).We build a multistage game theoretic model comprising a hospital and a drugstore to analyze the policies' impacts on the providers' drug selection and pricing behaviors.By comparing the equihibrium outcomes,we draw the following conclusions:(i) FPM,especially for one imposing a strict margin ceiling,actually induces an expensive prescription given patients' great compliance.(ii) Both SOPH and ZMD can conditionally lower patients' expenditure,and their performances rely on the hospital's selection.(iii) A proper rate of insurance coverage and a removal of drug rebate are helpful to improve the policies' performance.
文摘Economics textbooks have long considered the financial market a barometer of the economy:More specifically,the stock market is considered a barometer of the economies of European and American countries,where direct financing dominates.In China-where indirect financing dominates-it is the banking sector that acts as a barometer of the economy.At present,the economists have been arguing whether the Chinese economy is currently entering a new cycle.To this end,it is practical and significant to determine whether the banking sector is at a turning point.
