Separation of Toluene Insoluble Matter from Syncrude Coker Heavy Gas Oil

Toluene insoluble matter (TIM) in coker heavy gas oil (CHGO) from oil sands bitumen is harmful to the downstream hydrotreating, and it may be difficult to be removed by conventional filtration. In order to determine its origin, the TIM must first be separated from CHGO for characterization. Two techniques are described to accomplish this goal. In the ultra-centrifugation approach used in this work, CHGO is blended with a miscible liquid and centrifuged under 366000 G (gravity) force. Through this procedure toluene and hexane diluents yielded TIM contents of 24μg·g-1 and 88μg·g-1 respectively. In an alternative simplified procedure, the initial ultra-centrifugation step is omitted. Several different solvents are evaluated for use as diluents but, in each case, toluene is still used in the subsequent washing steps. TIM contents determined by this method range from 23 to about 200μg·g-1. The amount of TIM separated by means of this method depends primarily on the initial diluent used. Other conditions, such as diluent-oil ratio, water-oil ratio, mixing time, temperature and water pH value, are also studied.

用于制备聚氨酯纳米复合物的高岭石粒子的表征(英文)

Clay such as kaolinite, is commonly used as an additive to modify the thermal properties of polymer. In this paper, the morphology, composition, shape and structure of kaolinite was characterized by various advanced techniques. The TEM/ EDX data showed that the kaolinite had a larger particle size and a Si/Al ratio of 1.8. The individual particle of kaolinite was a single crystalline. TEM also showed that these particles were always stacked together due to the presence of electrostatic cohesive energy and hydrogen bond between plaletes. The PAS FTIR spectra showed that no absorbance of hydroxyl group for hydration water in hydrogen bond region or at 1650cm- 1 was observed at room temperature. It meant a little ability to adsorb water for kaolinite particle. Kaolinite clay also showed no change for its PAS FTIR spectra with increasing temperature. The TGA results revealed that kaolinite almost doesn′ t lose weight at 60℃ due to loss of dehydration of absorbed water, however, it will decomposed around 510℃ and lose its hydroxyl functional group in the form of water (dehydroxylation). The result is consistent with that of PAS FTIR analysis. This suggests that the structural hydroxyl group on the surface of individual kaolinite clay particle is very stable below 500℃ , and the kaolinite composed polymer could be got by the reaction of its stable structural hydroxyl group with isocynate group of polyurethane prepolymer.

Characterization of Ultra Fine Solids(BS) in Athabasca Bitumen

The ultra fine (<200 nm) inorganic solids (BS) were separated from bitumen which was washed by toluene and centrifugated at 2000 rpm. The result of PAS FTIR and image of TEM showed that the structure of BS particles was smiliar to that of kaolinite clay. On the surface of BS, both toluene insoluble organic matter and structural OH group are detected at the same time. The surface characteristics imparted a bi-wettable nature to the BS. As a result, the BS is able to stabilize fine water emulsion in the bitumen phase. The organic matter associated with BS is a possible factor of the fouling on catalyst and equipment.

CHARACTERIZATION OF BITUMEN PITCH

1 INTRODUCTIONCatalytic hydroprocessing is the technology of choice for Bitumen upgrading.It com-bines hydrocracking and hydrodesulfurization to the end of increasing liquid yields andimproving product quality.However,the catalysts used in the process are known todeactivate rather quickly and the process performances are less optimistic than ex-pected.Despite tremendous efforts that have been devoted to address the process chemis-

Hydrodesulfurization and Hydrodenitrogenation Kinetics of a Heavy Gas Oil over NiMo/Al_2O_3 Catalysts

The kinetics of Athabasca bitumen derived heavy gas oil over NiMo/Al2O3 catalysts were studied in a JQ-II high-pressure microscale hydrotreator unit under different operation conditions, including temperature, pressure, H/O ratio and LHSV. The multi-parameter models of hydrodesulfurization and hydrodenitrogenation were proposed. The model parameters verify that the HDS and HDN reactions follow 1.5-order and 1.6-order kinetic rules, respectively. The kinetic activation energies of HDN and HDS over Com, Hom1 and Hom2 show that homemade catalysts exhibit higher activities in HDN than commercial catalyst. Using the multi-parameter kinetic model to predict the contents of sulfur and nitrogen in products is in good agreement with the experimental data.

报警归档和合理化分析指南

全面地剖析和梳理工厂报警系统以及全部报警设置,针对项目建设阶段设置的大量报警点,探究未报警点设置的合理性,并对滋扰报警、无效报警和重复报警等严重干扰操作人员的报警点做出正确判断和合理处置,并做报警归档和合理化分析,确认报警点设置与工厂报警规范相一致,并通过ISA18.2的指导进一步优化报警点的设置,归档报警的设定值、报警原因、后果、处理措施,生成主报警数据库。着重介绍报警归档和合理化分析工作流程,探讨工厂开展报警管理系统归档和合理化分析的科学方法。

Effect of successive sprays on liquid distribution in fluidized beds

In processes such as Fluid Coking^(™),agglomerate formation should be minimized since it reduces the yield of valuable products,and degrades operability because of the fouling of internals.An experimental model,consisting of an aqueous solution of gum arabic with a dye,has been successfully developed to simulate the formation of agglomerates in the Fluid Coking^(™)process,where bitumen is sprayed into a fluidized bed of coke particles The particles wetted by a spray could be predicted by assuming that all the particles in the wake of bubbles formed from the tip of the spray jet have been wetted by the injected liquid.The transfer of liquid from particles wetted with the spray to dry bed particles was relatively ineffective,as the number of wet particles increased by only 50%.With successive liquid injections,the proportion of the liquid trapped in agglomerates increases in latter injections:large agglomerates from earlier injections accumulate above the grid and are carried by gas bubbles into the spray jet cavity,where they seed fresh agglomerates.

Agglomerate behavior in a recirculating fluidized bed with sheds： Effect of ring baffles

The radioactive particle tracking technique was used to study the effect of internal ring baffles on wet agglomerate motion inside a cold flow recirculating fluidized bed. The study found that using such a baffle on its own or above the regular sheds helps reduce the fouling of the stripper section by increasing the residence time that the agglomerates spend above the baffle, thereby reducing the release of the vapors below the baffles that cause fouling of the sheds. Adding down-comers, or flux tubes, to the ring baffles degrades the performance of the baffles, Reducing the length of the flux tubes, so that they do not reach the bottom of the baffle lip results in a further degradation in baffle performance.