The paper follows possible specification of a control algorithm of a WS （water management system） during floods using the procedures of AI （artificial intelligence）. The issue of minimizing negative impacts of flo...The paper follows possible specification of a control algorithm of a WS （water management system） during floods using the procedures of AI （artificial intelligence）. The issue of minimizing negative impacts of floods represents influencing and controlling a dynamic process of the system where the main regulation elements are water reservoirs. Control of water outflow from reservoirs is implicitly based on the used model （titled BW） based on FR （fuzzy regulation）. Specification of a control algorithm means dealing with the issue of preparing a knowledge base for the process of tuning fuzzy regulators based on an I/O （input/output） matrix obtained by optimization of the target behaviour of WS. Partial results can be compared with the regulation outputs when specialized tuning was used for the fuzzy regulator of the control algorithm. Basic approaches follow from the narrow relation on BW model use to simulate floods, without any connection to real water management system. A generally introduced model allows description of an outflow dynamic system with stochastic inputs using submodels of robust regression in the outflow module. The submodels are constructed on data of historical FS （flood situations）.展开更多
The paperfocuses on an analysis of the results of long-term monitoring of the concentrations of 137Cs, 90Sr and 3H in hydrosphere in the vicinity of Temelín Nuclear Power Plant (Temelín plant). The radionucl...The paperfocuses on an analysis of the results of long-term monitoring of the concentrations of 137Cs, 90Sr and 3H in hydrosphere in the vicinity of Temelín Nuclear Power Plant (Temelín plant). The radionuclides were monitored in surface water, river sediments, aquatic flora and fish species. The main objective of the study was to analyze and integrate all of the knowledge on concentrations and behaviour of these radionuclides, which originate mainly from residual contamination, in order to assess the impacts of Temelín Nuclear Power Plant on hydrosphere in these indicators during its standard operation and possible accidents. The radionuclides were analyzed in terms of spatial and temporal variability in their concentrations and their inflows and outflows, mainly into and from Orlík Reservoir. The analysis included standard radioecological characteristics, which were applicable for assessing long-term development and behavior of radionuclides in the environment affected by their possible accidental releases on the territory of the Czech Republic or outside this territory. For all of the components of the environment, the concentrations of 137Cs and 90Sr which were used for calculation of their effective and ecological half-time, were decreasing. For 137Cs in surface water and fish, the rates of the decrease in the first and second monitoring period were different. The rate of the decrease in 90Sr concentration was invariable. The results of the monitoring showed that 86% of suspended solids and 62% of 137Cs inflowing into Orlík Reservoir accumulated in the reservoir while accumulation of 90Sr was not substantiated. Outflows of 137Cs and 90Sr activities were assessed in relation to their concentrations that were accumulated in individual basins until 1986 consequently to Chernobyl accident and tests of atmospheric nuclear weapons. The results for the whole area of the Vltava, Luznice and Otava River basins upstream from the Vltava River at Solenice showed that during the period 1986-2013 only 0.49% of 137Cs activity and 3.6% of 90Sr activity that accumulated in the basins were washed and flowed out from the area. Distribution coefficients derived from summary analysis of sediments and concentration factors for biota were calculated. Concentrations of 3H in river sites not affected by Temelín plant were slowly decreasing and their values were substantially below those from the sites affected by the plant.展开更多
The concentrations of natural radionuclides, radium-226, radium-228, and potassium-40, and the artificial radionuclide caesium-137, in river bottom sediments and suspended matter were monitored in the Czech Republic b...The concentrations of natural radionuclides, radium-226, radium-228, and potassium-40, and the artificial radionuclide caesium-137, in river bottom sediments and suspended matter were monitored in the Czech Republic by the Czech Hydrometeorological Institute during the period 2000-2010 and 2001-2010 respectively. The data were used to evaluate the natural background levels of these radionuclides and the impact of human activities on the water environment. For potassium-40 in sediments, the natural background level was estimated to be 570 Bq/kg. To evaluate the background level for radium-226, the river sites affected by human activities (mining and processing uranium ore, coal) were eliminated from the assessment. The average natural background values were 47.8 Bq/kg for radium-226 and 47.2 Bq/kg for radium-228 in sediments and 86.5 Bq/kg for radium-226 and 87.9 Bq/kg for radium-228 in suspended matter. The river sediments were identified as good indicators of radioactive contamination, especially radium-226, which recorded historic contamination due to former uranium mining and milling. The radium-226 contamination rate was assessed using the ratio of radium-226 to radium-228. This ratio was used to classify sediment according to the relative contamination from the uranium industry. The residual contamination of caesium-137 due to the Chernobyl accident in 1986 was also assessed. Average values of caesium-137 were 14.0 Bq/kg in sediments and 25.0 Bq/kg in suspended matter.展开更多
文摘The paper follows possible specification of a control algorithm of a WS （water management system） during floods using the procedures of AI （artificial intelligence）. The issue of minimizing negative impacts of floods represents influencing and controlling a dynamic process of the system where the main regulation elements are water reservoirs. Control of water outflow from reservoirs is implicitly based on the used model （titled BW） based on FR （fuzzy regulation）. Specification of a control algorithm means dealing with the issue of preparing a knowledge base for the process of tuning fuzzy regulators based on an I/O （input/output） matrix obtained by optimization of the target behaviour of WS. Partial results can be compared with the regulation outputs when specialized tuning was used for the fuzzy regulator of the control algorithm. Basic approaches follow from the narrow relation on BW model use to simulate floods, without any connection to real water management system. A generally introduced model allows description of an outflow dynamic system with stochastic inputs using submodels of robust regression in the outflow module. The submodels are constructed on data of historical FS （flood situations）.
基金support of the project Czech Electric Company No.90002551
文摘The paperfocuses on an analysis of the results of long-term monitoring of the concentrations of 137Cs, 90Sr and 3H in hydrosphere in the vicinity of Temelín Nuclear Power Plant (Temelín plant). The radionuclides were monitored in surface water, river sediments, aquatic flora and fish species. The main objective of the study was to analyze and integrate all of the knowledge on concentrations and behaviour of these radionuclides, which originate mainly from residual contamination, in order to assess the impacts of Temelín Nuclear Power Plant on hydrosphere in these indicators during its standard operation and possible accidents. The radionuclides were analyzed in terms of spatial and temporal variability in their concentrations and their inflows and outflows, mainly into and from Orlík Reservoir. The analysis included standard radioecological characteristics, which were applicable for assessing long-term development and behavior of radionuclides in the environment affected by their possible accidental releases on the territory of the Czech Republic or outside this territory. For all of the components of the environment, the concentrations of 137Cs and 90Sr which were used for calculation of their effective and ecological half-time, were decreasing. For 137Cs in surface water and fish, the rates of the decrease in the first and second monitoring period were different. The rate of the decrease in 90Sr concentration was invariable. The results of the monitoring showed that 86% of suspended solids and 62% of 137Cs inflowing into Orlík Reservoir accumulated in the reservoir while accumulation of 90Sr was not substantiated. Outflows of 137Cs and 90Sr activities were assessed in relation to their concentrations that were accumulated in individual basins until 1986 consequently to Chernobyl accident and tests of atmospheric nuclear weapons. The results for the whole area of the Vltava, Luznice and Otava River basins upstream from the Vltava River at Solenice showed that during the period 1986-2013 only 0.49% of 137Cs activity and 3.6% of 90Sr activity that accumulated in the basins were washed and flowed out from the area. Distribution coefficients derived from summary analysis of sediments and concentration factors for biota were calculated. Concentrations of 3H in river sites not affected by Temelín plant were slowly decreasing and their values were substantially below those from the sites affected by the plant.
文摘The concentrations of natural radionuclides, radium-226, radium-228, and potassium-40, and the artificial radionuclide caesium-137, in river bottom sediments and suspended matter were monitored in the Czech Republic by the Czech Hydrometeorological Institute during the period 2000-2010 and 2001-2010 respectively. The data were used to evaluate the natural background levels of these radionuclides and the impact of human activities on the water environment. For potassium-40 in sediments, the natural background level was estimated to be 570 Bq/kg. To evaluate the background level for radium-226, the river sites affected by human activities (mining and processing uranium ore, coal) were eliminated from the assessment. The average natural background values were 47.8 Bq/kg for radium-226 and 47.2 Bq/kg for radium-228 in sediments and 86.5 Bq/kg for radium-226 and 87.9 Bq/kg for radium-228 in suspended matter. The river sediments were identified as good indicators of radioactive contamination, especially radium-226, which recorded historic contamination due to former uranium mining and milling. The radium-226 contamination rate was assessed using the ratio of radium-226 to radium-228. This ratio was used to classify sediment according to the relative contamination from the uranium industry. The residual contamination of caesium-137 due to the Chernobyl accident in 1986 was also assessed. Average values of caesium-137 were 14.0 Bq/kg in sediments and 25.0 Bq/kg in suspended matter.
