Retrofitting older vehicles with diesel particulate filter（DPF） is a cost-effective measure to quickly and efficiently reduce particulate matter emissions. This study experimentally analyzes real-world performance o...Retrofitting older vehicles with diesel particulate filter（DPF） is a cost-effective measure to quickly and efficiently reduce particulate matter emissions. This study experimentally analyzes real-world performance of buses retrofitted with CRT DPFs. 18 in-use Euro III technology urban and intercity buses were investigated for a period of 12 months. The influence of the DPF and of the vehicle natural aging on buses fuel economy are analyzed and discussed. While the effect of natural deterioration is about 1.2%–1.3%, DPF contribution to fuel economy penalty is found to be 0.6% to 1.8%, depending on the bus type. DPF filtration efficiency is analyzed throughout the study and found to be in average 96% in the size range of 23–560 nm. Four different load and non-load engine operating modes are investigated on their appropriateness for roadworthiness tests. High idle is found to be the most suitable regime for PN diagnostics considering particle number filtration efficiency.展开更多
文摘目的:观察健脾清肠方对激素依赖脾虚湿热型溃疡性结肠炎患者在激素撤退中的临床疗效再评价。方法:选择并收集2012年4月1日至2014年1月31日在上海中医药大学附属龙华医院门诊及住院脾虚湿热型激素依赖溃疡性结肠炎(ulcerative colitis,UC)患者60例,随机分为对照组和观察组,各30例。两组患者均采用标准激素减量方法撤减激素,对照组给予口服补脾益肠丸,6 g/次,3次/d。观察组给予口服健脾清肠方,每日1剂,水煎300 m L,2次/d。均连续治疗3月。治疗后观察两组患者疾病活动指数、黏膜愈合评价、中医证候疗效变化及炎症因子变化情况。结果:与本组治疗前比较,治疗后两组患者Mayo评分均显著减少(P<0.01),且观察组较对照组减少显著(P<0.01)。治疗后观察组有66.67%进入缓解期,对照组有13.33%患者进入缓解期,观察组高于对照组(P<0.01)。治疗后对照组愈合率为46.67%,观察组愈合率为70.0%,观察组高于对照组(P<0.01)。治疗后对照组中医证候疗效有效率为80.0%,观察组有效率为96.67%,观察组高于对照组(P<0.01)。与本组治疗前比较,两组患者白细胞介素-1(IL-1)水平均降低(P<0.05),白细胞介素-6(IL-6),白细胞介素-10(IL-10)水平均升高(P<0.05),且治疗后与对照组比较,观察组改善明显优于对照组(P<0.05)。结论:健脾清肠方能降低脾虚湿热型激素依赖溃疡性结肠炎患者疾病活动指数,促进黏膜愈合和改善中医症候疗效,值得临床推广。
基金financially supported by Egged Israel Transport Cooperative Society Ltd.
文摘Retrofitting older vehicles with diesel particulate filter（DPF） is a cost-effective measure to quickly and efficiently reduce particulate matter emissions. This study experimentally analyzes real-world performance of buses retrofitted with CRT DPFs. 18 in-use Euro III technology urban and intercity buses were investigated for a period of 12 months. The influence of the DPF and of the vehicle natural aging on buses fuel economy are analyzed and discussed. While the effect of natural deterioration is about 1.2%–1.3%, DPF contribution to fuel economy penalty is found to be 0.6% to 1.8%, depending on the bus type. DPF filtration efficiency is analyzed throughout the study and found to be in average 96% in the size range of 23–560 nm. Four different load and non-load engine operating modes are investigated on their appropriateness for roadworthiness tests. High idle is found to be the most suitable regime for PN diagnostics considering particle number filtration efficiency.
