Nitrogen isotope stratigraphy of the Early Cambrian successions in the Tarim Basin:Spatial variability of nitrogen cycling and its implication for paleo-oceanic redox conditions

The Early Cambrian represents a critical time period characterized by extraordinary biological innovations and dynamic redox conditions in seawaters.Nitrogen isotopic signatures of ancient sediments have the potential to elucidate the evolutionary path of marine redox states and the biogeochemical nitrogen cycle within the water column of the Early Cambrian ocean.While existing research on this topic has predominantly focused on South China,the exploration of other continental margins has been limited,leaving contradictory hypotheses untested.In this study,pairedδ^(15)N andδ^(13)C org analyses were performed on the Lower Cambrian successions from the Shiairike section(inner ramp)and Well Tadong 2(deep shelf/basin)in the northwestern and eastern Tarim Basin,respectively.Our data from the Shiairike section reveal a discernible shift in the operation of different nitrogen cycles for the black chert-shale unit,also referred to as the black rock series in Chinese literature,of the Yurtus Formation(Fortunian stage to lower Stage 3).Oscillatingδ^(15)N values for its lower part are suggestive of alternating anaerobic assimilation of NH 4+and denitrification/anammox.This is likely attributed to a shallow,unstable chemocline consistent with the upwelling and incursion of deep,anoxic waters during a major transgression.In contrast,aerobic nitrogen cycling,indicated by positiveδ^(15)N values of>2‰,dominated the upper part alongside a reduction in upwelling intensity.On the other hand,theδ^(15)N signatures of Xishanbulake and Xidashan Formations of Well Tadong 2,which encompass a time interval from the Cambrian Fortunian Age to Age 4,are indicative of N_(2)fixation by diazotrophs as the major nitrogen source.The two studied intervals,although not time-equivalent,exhibit separated states of nitrogen cycling at least during the deposition of the Yurtus black rock series.The spatially different nitrogen cycling of the studied sections is compatible with a redox-stratified ocean during the deposition of the Yurtus black rock series.The build-up of a NO_(3)−reservoir and aerobic nitrogen cycling in seawater was largely restricted to near-shore settings whereas anaerobic nitrogen cycling dominated by N_(2)fixation served as the main nitrogen uptake pathway in off-shore settings.

Fracturing timing of Jurassic reservoirs in the Dibei-Tuziluoke gas field,Kuqa foreland basin:Evidence from petrography,fluid inclusions,and clumped isotopes

Determining the timing of fracturing is crucial for understanding reservoir evolution and hydrocarbon accumulation in foreland basins.Using fracturing data from cores,borehole images,and outcrops,combined with the clumped isotope(D47)and fluid inclusion analyses of carbonate minerals filled in pores and fractures,this study ascertained the fracturing timing of the Jurassic reservoirs in the Dibei-Tuziluoke Gas Field,Kuqa Foreland Basin.Data from outcrops and borehole images show two dominant fracture sets in the study area:W-E and NE-SW striking fractures.Some W-E striking fractures are carbonate-filled,while NE-SW striking fractures lack mineral fillings.Bitumen veins,not easy to be identified in borehole images,are prevalent in cores.The petrographic analysis reveals that these bitumen veins formed before the calcite cementation in pores and display high viscosity and low maturity.Homogenization temperatures(T_(h))from primary fluid inclusion assemblages in two representative calcite vein samples were notably lower than T_(△47) values from corresponding samples.This suggests the △_(47) signature underwent alteration due to partial reordering during burial.Thus,△_(47)-derived temperatures(apparent temperatures)may not faithfully represent the mineral precipitation temperatures.When plotting these apparent temperatures vs.the burial history,only the possible latest ages of fracturing emerged.These ages were further refined by considering petroleum charging,tectonic evolution,and stress orientation.Bitumen-filled fractures likely resulted from the Late Cretaceous uplift,marking the migration of low-maturity hydrocarbons in the study area.Carbonate-filled E-W striking fractures emerged during the late Miocene(~13-6.5 Ma)alongside fold development.NE-striking fractures that crosscut W-E ones possibly formed recently due to stress reorientation.

Evolution and Application of Sealing Ability of Gypsum Caprocks under Temperature-Pressure Coupling:An Example of the ZS5 Well in the Tazhong Area of the Tarim Basin

Gypsum caprocks'sealing ability is affected by temperature-pressure coupling.Due to the limitations of experimental conditions,there is still a lack of triaxial stress-strain experiments that simultaneously consider changes in temperature and pressure conditions,which limits the accuracy of the comprehensive evaluation of the brittle plastic evolution and sealing ability of gypsum rocks using temperature pressure coupling.Triaxial stress-strain tests were utilized to investigate the differences in the evolution of the confinement capacity of gypsum rocks under coupled temperaturepressure action and isothermal-variable pressure action on the basis of sample feasibility analysis.According to research,the gypsum rock's peak and residual strengths decrease under simultaneous increases in temperature and pressure over isothermal pressurization experimental conditions,and it becomes more ductile.This reduces the amount of time it takes for the rock to transition from brittle to plastic.When temperature is taken into account,both the brittle–plastic transformation's depth limit and the lithological transformation of gypsum rocks become shallower,and the evolution of gypsum rocks under variable temperature and pressure conditions is more complicated than that under isothermal pressurization.The sealing ability under the temperature-pressure coupling is more in line with the actual geological context when the application results of the Well#ZS5 are compared.This provides a theoretical basis for precisely determining the process of hydrocarbon accumulation and explains why the early hydrocarbon were not well preserved.

Dibenzofuran Series in Terrestrial Source Rocks and Crude Oils and Applications to Oil-Source Rock Correlations in the Kuche Depression of Tarim Basin, NW China

Ten series of aromatic hydrocarbon compounds (biphenyl, naphthalene, phenanthrene, anthracene, retene, chrysene, benzoanthracene, dibenzofuran, fluorene, dibenzothiophene) isolated from seven Triassic and Jurassic lacustrine mudstone samples and three swamp coal samples, as well as five crude oil samples collected in the Kuche depression of the Tarim Basin, NW China, have been analysed by GC-MS techniques. It is found that the relative abundances of dibenzofuran series are higher in the three swamp coal samples than those in the lacustrine mudstone samples. Based on the similar relative abundances of dibenzofuran series, especially dibenzofuran compound, in the TICs of aromatic hydrocarbons, crude oils from wells SA3 (K), YTK5 (E, K) and QL1 (E) are thought to have been derived predominantly from the coals of the Lower Jurassic Yangxia Formation or Middle Jurassic Kezilenuer Formation, whereas those from wells YM7 (O) and YH1 (E) were derived mainly from Triassic and Jurassic lacustrine mudstones in the Kuche depression. This is the first report about how to distinguish coal-generated oils from lacustrine mudstone-generated oils in the Kuche depression in terms of the dibenzofuran series. The present paper has enlightening and directive significance for further oil-source rock correlations and oil and/or gas exploration in the Kuche depression of the Tarim Basin.

Diagenesis of the Paleogene Sandstones in the DN2 Gas Field,Kuqa Foreland Basin and its Link to Tectonics

We investigated diagenesis of the sandstones from the DN2 Gas Field of the Kuqa Foreland Basin(KFB),in order to infer the timing of fluid migration and discuss the linkage between fluids and tectonics.The textures and chemical composition of authigenic minerals,fluid evidence from fluid inclusions and formation water measurements were all used to fulfill this aim.Eodiagenesis occurred with the participation of meteoric water and connate water.Mesodiagenesis is related to high salinity fluids,which were attributed as originating from the overlying Neogene Jidike Formation evaporite(principal minerals including halite,anhydrite,glauberite,carnallite and thenardite).The onset of high salinity fluid migration is inferred to occur during the late Miocene(12.4-9.2 Ma)through the use of homogenization temperatures measured in the present study and K-Ar dating of authigenetic illites from previous work.This period is consistent with the crucial phase(13-10 Ma)that witnessed the rapid uplift of the southern Tianshan Mts and the stage when calcite and anhydrite veins formed in the studied strata.We thus argue that diagenesis related to high salinity fluids occurred as a response to the Tianshan Mts'rapid uplift and related tectonic processes.The flow of high salinity fluids was probably driven by a density gradient and channeled and focused by fractures formed contemporaneously.

超深缝洞型碳酸盐岩储层超低密度钻井液技术

塔里木油田压力系数低于1.0的超深井碳酸盐岩低压储层常发生钻井液失返性井漏,其平均井深超过6000 m,井控风险极大,除了强钻再无更好手段,往往只能提前完井。为提升超深井水平段延伸能力,研究人员研发了高强度空心玻璃微珠,可配制密度为0.93~1.07 g/cm^(3)的超低密度水基钻井液。详述了中古262-H4C井井漏失返后利用低密度水基钻井液重建井筒循环、恢复常规定向钻进的施工过程。现场钻井液密度最低降至0.98 g/cm^(3),井漏失返后多钻373 m,实现了一井钻穿两个缝洞体的地质目的,保障了该井井漏失返后钻至设计井深,开创了空心玻璃微珠超低密度钻井液在国内垂深超6000 m的超深井应用先例,为我国类似老区低压地层应用提供了技术参考。

塔里木盆地西北缘乌什西次凹的地层系统和构造特征

乌什西次凹位于塔里木盆地西北缘,隶属于库车坳陷的乌什凹陷。它位于南天山主山脉(哈尔克山)和塔里木盆地柯坪—温宿凸起之间。区域构造格局上,这里是塔里木克拉通向西北自然延伸的部分。次凹北缘的阿合奇断裂是南天山造山带和塔里木克拉通的分界。乌什西次凹内发育与柯坪—温宿凸起相似的晚前寒武纪—古生代地层系统,包括寒武系、奥陶系和石炭系的烃源岩。新近系—第四系碎屑岩建造直接不整合于变形的古生代被动大陆边缘碎屑岩—碳酸盐岩沉积建造之上;剖面上,向南天山方向加厚,向塔里木克拉通方向减薄,呈现典型的前陆盆地剖面结构特征。这是一个晚新生代陆内前陆盆地,叠加在晚海西期—燕山期古隆起之上。这里的构造变形主要有3期,分别是中海西期、晚海西期—印支期和晚喜山期。变形以厚皮冲断构造及其相关褶皱为主,薄皮构造不发育。平面上,主构造线走向NE-SW。剖面上,以南天山向塔里木冲断为主。

塔里木盆地东北缘吐格尔明背斜和阳北断裂带构造分析

吐格尔明背斜和阳北断裂位于塔里木盆地北缘,南天山山前库车褶皱冲断带的东段,两者均为基底卷入型构造。阳北断裂是一个反转构造,其变形历史可以追溯到侏罗纪—白垩纪的正断层;新生代构造反转,发生了多期冲断变形加速期,分别发生于白垩纪末—古近纪初、古近纪末—新近纪初、中新世早期、上新世和第四纪。吐格尔明背斜构造带是阳北断裂中新世早期及以后的冲断作用派生出来的一个次级基底卷入型构造变形带。它由吐格尔明背斜及其南、北两条呈背冲关系的逆冲断层组成。背斜核部元古宇变质岩出露地表;中、新生界直接不整合于变质岩之上,缺失全部古生界,说明研究区可能属于一个长期存在的古生代古隆起。

复杂山地水-陆混采地震资料高精度表层速度建模与应用

塔里木盆地ZQX区块石油地质条件优越,并首次开展了水域空气枪激发、拖缆接收采集,但其近地表结构非常复杂,分布有农田、村庄、山体、戈壁砾石、水库等地表类型。针对水-陆混采资料的特殊性,笔者提出了水-陆混采初至起跳点拾取与双约束层析反演新方法。先拾取出不同激发接收模式下准确的初至波波峰时间,利用高信噪比道计算波峰到起跳点的时差,再通过插值解决低信噪比道波峰时间转初至时间的空变时差校正问题。以此为基础,采用水速硬约束和微测井软约束的层析反演方法,解决了ZQX区块水库-山地水-陆混采三维高精度近地表速度建模问题,叠加剖面及深度偏移成像质量明显提升,取得了较好的应用效果。

Further Recognition of Petroleum Exploration Potential of Marine Carbonates in Western Tarim Basin

A series of significant discoveries in marine carbonate rocks show great petroleum exploration potential in the Tarim Basin. However, the oil and gas fields discovered in the carbonate rocks are mainly distributed around the Manjiaer Sag in the eastern Tarim Basin. Some explorations occurred and no oil or gas field was discovered around the Awati Sag in the western Tarim Basin. Information from wells and outcrops reveals that there are excellent oil and gas source rock conditions around the Awati Sag. Transformed reef-shoal reservoirs could be formed in the Ordovician carbonate rocks with paleo-geographic background and hydrothermal conditions. Therefore, it is necessary to make a systematical study and overall evaluation of the potential of the periphery of the Awati Sag in terms of source rock evolution, resource potential, high-grade reservoir formation and distribution, and main factors controlling hydrocarbon migration and accumulation.

Kinetic Parameters of Methane Generated from Source Rocks in the Kuqa Depression of Tarim Basin and Their Application

In a thermal simulation experiment of gold tubes of closed-system, calculating with the KINETICS and GOR-ISOTOPE KINETICS software, kinetic parameters of gas generation and methane carbon isotopic fractionation from Triassic-Jurassic hydrocarbon source rocks in the Kuqa depression of Tarim Basin are obtained. The activation energies of methane generated from Jurassic coal, Jurassic mudstone and Triassic mudstone in the Kuqa Depression are 197-268 kJ/mol, 180-260 kJ/mol and 214-289 kJ/mol, respectively, and their frequency factors are 5.265×10^13 s^-1, 9.761×10^11 s^-1 and 2.270×10^14 s^-1. This reflects their differences of hydrocarbon generation behaviors. The kinetic parameters of methane carbon isotopic fractionation are also different in Jurassic coal, Jurassic mudstone and Triassic mudstone, whose average activation energies are 228 kJ/mol, 205 kJ/mol and 231 kJ/mol, respectively. Combined with the geological background, the origin of natural gas in the Yinan-2 gas pool is discussed, and an accumulation model of natural gas is thus established. The Yinan- 2 gas is primarily derived from Jurassic coal-bearing source rocks in the Yangxia Sag. Main gas accumulation time is 5-0 Ma and the corresponding Ro is in the range from 1.25 %-1.95 %. The loss rate of natural gas is 25 %-30 %.

塔里木盆地顺北地区中新生界断裂构造特征及演化

塔里木盆地顺北地区古生界油气资源非常丰富,此外在中新生界也发现了良好的油气显示,揭示出该区中新生界也具有较好的油气勘探潜力。因此,为了揭示对顺北地区中新生界油气成藏具有关键控制因素的断裂构造特征及其发育机制,通过对顺北地区最新三维地震资料的精细构造解释,系统分析了该区中新生界断裂构造的类型、几何学特征及其成因演化。研究表明:顺北地区中新生界断裂以张性正断层为主,发育少量逆断层和走滑断层,该区断裂发育数量众多但单条断裂规模较小、平面上呈杂乱展布且具有明显的分区分层的差异活动特征。与区域动力背景和盆地演化阶段相统一,顺北地区中新生界断裂演化经历了印支、燕山和喜山期3个阶段多期次伸展-挤压构造旋回,而且该区所处的构造位置、下伏中二叠统火成岩地层特征及下三叠统柯吐尔组砂泥岩塑性层等对中新生界断裂的形成演化具有重要控制作用。通过对顺北地区连通T_(9)^(0)~T_(5)^(0)界面通源断裂的精细刻画,揭示出在5号断裂带中部和7号断裂带中南部存在两大通源断裂发育区,上述两地区部分断裂由T_(9)^(0)界面往上一直断到T_(5)^(0)界面之上,对古生界油气向中新生界垂向输导具有建设性作用,为该区中新生界油气的有利勘探区带。

塔里木盆地西北缘神木园-古木别孜冲断系的构造样式和形成演化过程

塔里木盆地西北缘的神木园-古木别孜冲断系,由神木园冲断带和古木别孜冲断带组成。前者位于乌什凹陷北缘,以厚皮构造为主,形成基底卷入型冲断楔。后者位于乌什凹陷南缘,为一盖层滑脱冲断构造,主滑脱面位于中新统吉迪克组膏泥岩。其中,古木别孜背斜是古木别孜断裂的断层传播褶皱。该冲断系是晚新生代南天山陆内造山带南麓的前陆褶皱冲断带的一部分,属于印度—亚洲碰撞的远程效应。该陆内造山带叠加在先存的增生-碰撞造山带之上。生长地层显示,神木园-古木别孜冲断系形成演化过程为前展式。其变形首先发生于冲断系根带的神木园冲断带,起始于上新世中期(3.5 Ma)。上新世末—第四纪初(1.8 Ma)向前推进至古木别孜冲断带,并在第四纪持续演化。

温-压耦合作用下深层盐岩盖层封闭能力演化特征

为了研究温-压耦合作用对盐岩盖层封闭能力演化的影响,选择中国金坛盐洞的盐岩样品,利用高温-高压三轴岩石力学测试系统实验装置,设计开展恒温变压、恒压变温以及温-压耦合3组实验,模拟温度、压力条件对盐岩盖层封闭能力演化的影响。研究结果表明:①温-压耦合作用导致盐岩短期强度大幅减弱,塑性大幅增强,缩短了脆-塑性转化时间,其中,由温度引起的盐岩短期强度降低百分比(T_(i))大于35.06%;压力引起的盐岩短期强度降低百分比(p_(i))最大只有38.25%,表明埋藏过程中,盐岩力学性质主要受控于温度。②单一压力作用下,盐岩裂缝具有逐渐减少、愈合的趋势;而温-压耦合作用下,盐岩会出现“裂缝再次发育”现象,其中,低温阶段(温度<90℃),压力占主导地位,高温阶段(温度≥90℃),温度占主导地位,盐岩出现蠕变损伤。③建立“深层盐岩”“脆性—脆-塑性—塑性—蠕变损伤—损伤愈合”演化模式,其中,蠕变损伤阶段对于盐下油气藏的保存极为不利。因此,准确厘定盐岩封闭能力的演化特征可为深层盐下油气藏的富集规律分析提供理论依据。

塔里木盆地下寒武统西山布拉克组—西大山组沉积环境演化

寒武纪是生命与环境演化的关键时期,重建该时期的海洋沉积环境尤其是氧化还原状态,对探讨古海洋化学时空演化特征以及理解生物与环境之间的关系具有重要意义。通过对塔里木盆地塔东2井下寒武统西山布拉克组—西大山组开展主微量元素和有机碳含量(TOC)分析,对该地层的沉积环境进行了重构。该地层沉积时水体处于较弱的局限条件,底水氧化还原状态以缺氧为主,但缺氧程度存在明显的变化。其中,西山布拉克组中部相对上下部缺氧硫化程度明显增加,而西大山组中下部到上部缺氧程度逐渐减弱,底水氧化性总体增加,这种动态变化与前人提出的早寒武世海洋氧化还原状态存在动态变化的观点一致。对塔东2井西山布拉克组—西大山组有机质富集机制的分析显示,该地层中有机质积累并非受控于单一因素,西山布拉克组中下部缺氧/硫化的环境更有利于有机质的保存,而西山布拉克组上部—西大山组沉积过程中较高水平的初级生产力是有机质富集的主要控制因素。

苏北盆地高邮凹陷断裂系统发育特征及其控藏作用

苏北盆地高邮凹陷油气资源丰富,已发现的油气藏类型及其分布与断裂发育特征、断裂演化过程密切相关。利用高精度三维连片地震资料,对高邮凹陷断裂发育特征及活动期次进行研究,划分断裂系统,并分析断裂系统对油气成藏的控制作用。高邮凹陷主要发育晚白垩世—古新世伸展断裂系统、始新统戴南组沉积期伸展断裂系统、始新统三垛组沉积期张扭断裂系统和长期活动断裂系统等4类断裂系统。晚白垩世—古新世,在NW—SE向伸展应力场下发生分散变形,形成NEE—NE向伸展断裂;始新统戴南组沉积期在NW—SE向伸展应力场下发生集中变形,形成NE向伸展断裂;始新统三垛组沉积期在近S—N向伸展应力影响下发生张扭变形,形成近EW向张扭断裂。长期活动断裂系统垂向输导油气,晚白垩世—古新世伸展断裂系统和始新统戴南组沉积期伸展断裂系统侧向封堵油气,始新统三垛组沉积期张扭断裂系统破坏原生油藏,使油气发生逸散。深凹带内长期活动断裂上盘的滚动背斜圈闭和横向背斜,断阶带在长期活动断裂分段点间断层下盘的断块圈闭,以及斜坡带内东部斜坡的掀斜断块圈闭是油气运聚成藏的有利目标区。

硫磺精制装置在塔里木的首次应用

工业硫磺是一种重要的化工产品和基本工业原料,广泛用于化工、轻工、农药、橡胶、染料、造纸等工业部门。塔中Ⅰ号凝析气田中古8—中古43区块的属于高含硫凝析气藏,在天然气处理上采用较为成熟的甲基二乙醇胺湿法脱硫工艺,再生酸性硫化氢气体采用低温克劳斯反应与三级cps冷凝设计生产工业硫磺。但当前生产运行中,需将多处硫磺集中处理外输,致使硫磺质量略有下降,故新建一套硫磺精制装置,此套装置减少了以含水和杂质的半成品存在的硫磺产品,而产出纯度将达99.5%的硫磺,达到进口同类产品水平。对于此套装置在塔里木的初次运用,在工艺生产和日常运行维护方面,积累了相关经验,使生产装置达到高效、环保、节能的目的,为其他同类型设备的运用提供了参考。

高温高压气井新技术评估方法

高温高压气井通常存在多种风险影响气井完整性,需要应用集成新技术解决各类潜在风险。针对塔里木油田库车山前高温高压气井新技术应用面临的各项挑战,综合技术评估、风险评估和性能评估方法,建立了一套适合于高温高压气井的新技术评估方法。通过应用高温高压气井新技术评估方法开展新技术的潜在风险、失效模式、技术缺陷、适用条件等评估,可确定新技术的应用范围、应用要求及改进方案。封隔器应用案例分析表明,考虑现有技术控制措施对风险降低的影响后,能快速得到部件的风险及风险零件占比,方便后续针对性进行验证测试,提高封隔器使用的可靠性和环境适应性。该新技术评估方法能够有效促进高温高压气井新技术的推广应用和持续改进。

基于本质安全理论的化工过程安全管理研究

我国化工安全生产工作仍面临严峻复杂的形势,化工安全生产事故频繁发生。本质安全是坚持从源头防范化解重大安全风险和系统性风险的基础工作,是化工过程安全管理的重要组成部分。为了更好地在化工过程安全管理中应用本质安全,提高化工企业安全管理工作的质量,首先详细地阐述了化工行业本质安全的内涵;然后基于事故场景的演变,建立了风险管控措施的层级关系,并定义了本质安全与保护层的关系,提出了改进的洋葱模型;最后分析了本质安全与化工过程安全管理要素之间的内在联系,提出了本质安全策略应用于化工过程安全管理要素的建议。正确地理解本质安全与风险管控、保护层以及化工过程安全管理之间的关系,将有助于提高化工企业的安全管理水平和预防事故的发生。

钻井工况下钛合金钻杆与钢制钻杆摩擦磨损性能对比研究

钛合金材料由于具有高的比强度、低弹性模量,优异的韧性、疲劳性能和耐蚀性,已经成为深井、超深井及大位移水平井工况环境下钻杆及井下工具的热门候选材料,但在钻井条件下对钛合金钻杆的摩擦磨损性能缺乏研究,与钢制钻杆的性能优劣缺乏对比数据。通过硬度试验、冲击磨损试验、往复摩擦和模拟工况摩擦磨损对比试验,对钛合金钻杆和钢制钻杆的摩擦磨损性能及表面形貌进行对比分析。结果表明,由于抗划痕性能和硬度的差异,钛合金钻杆材料耐冲击磨损性能低于钢制钻杆材料,尤其在100r/min的中等冲击频率下钛合金钻杆材料耐冲击磨损性能明显低于钢制钻杆材料;在空气中的往复磨损试验中,钛合金钻杆材料的摩擦系数显著低于钢制钻杆,与岩石对磨时为典型的磨粒磨损机制,与金属对磨时为典型的粘着磨损机制;在钻井液环境中,钛合金钻杆的耐摩擦磨损性能不如钢制钻杆,但在水基钻井液中,钛合金钻杆与岩石材质对磨时,其耐磨性能最强、摩擦系数最低。建议在使用钛合金钻杆钻井时采用水基钻井液。下一步研究应提高钛合金材料耐磨性能或进行表面处理以提高钛合金钻杆的耐磨性。