The Promotion and Practice of Physical Activity in the United States

规律的体力活动有助于提高人的健康状况及生活质量。然而,美国《2020健康人群》中的数据显示,仅有18.8%的美国成年人达到了《2008美国人体力活动指南》(2008 Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans)中提出的有关有氧活动和强壮肌肉活动的推荐量。为此,美国在提高居民体力活动水平上做出了不懈的努力。本文简要介绍美国为促进全民体力活动采取的主要策略、有助于体力活动干预研究的政策分析框架、行为改变理论及3项研究实例。2010年,美国出台了《全民体力活动促进计划》(The National Physical Activity Plan,NPAP),该计划包含了政策推荐、实践经验及措施等一系列增加居民体力活动的策略,试图通过在全国范围内营造"活跃的生活方式"的文化氛围,促进更多人达到《2008美国人体力活动指南》中的体力活动推荐量。《全民体力活动促进计划》的内容涉及公共卫生、教育、城市规划、医疗保健、企业及行业、休闲娱乐及运动健身、非营利机构和大众传媒在内的8个领域,共有5个总策略、52个特定部门的策略及相对应的215个分策略,且部分策略制定了一年及五年目标。2011年,专家组对《全民体力活动促进计划》进行了过程评价,以监督计划的实施情况,并为计划的改进提供建议。过程评价采用定性及定量研究方法,对一年内开展的活动、目标完成情况、经验教训等进行总结。这一年内,《全民体力活动促进计划》的实施取得了可喜成绩,但仍存在诸多挑战,如缺乏长期的资金支持、各领域之间需加强沟通及合作、计划内容需及时更新以保证与体力活动及公共卫生领域的发展同步等。人的体力活动是一种复杂的行为,按照不同行为改变理论,其影响因素亦不同。许多科学研究及实践已经采用行为改变理论为指导进行体力活动的干预,以保证干预效果。有些行为改变理论(如生态学模型)认为,支持性政策是促进行为改变的有效手段之一。在制定支持性政策的复杂过程中,政策分析框架将有助于政策的设计及对政策实施效果进行评估。本文简要介绍常用于促进体力活动增加的政策分析框架:社区行动模型(Community Action Model)、RE-AIM框架(RE-AIM Framework)和健康影响评估(Health Impact Assessment),以及常用于促进体力活动增加的行为改变理论:生态学模型(Ecological Model)、社会认知理论(Social Cognitive Theory)和跨理论模型(Transtheoretical Model)。本文还通过3项研究实例,增加读者对生活方式干预研究的进一步认识。本文希望通过对当前美国有关体力活动促进的经验介绍,为制定或完善体力活动计划及体力活动干预方案提供参考。

THE INHIBITORY EFFECT OF MELATONIN ON THE GROWTH OF HUMAN BLADDER CARCINOMA T24 CELL LINE

Objective To study the inhibitory effects of melatonin and its inhibitory mechanism on the growth of human bladder carcinoma T24. Methods The inhibitory effects of melatonin with various concentrations on the human bladder carcinoma T24 lines in vitro were determined by MTT assay. The mechanism of the inhibition was observed by flow cytometry (FCM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Results The 30% inhibition concentration (IC 30) value was 0.71 mmol·L -1 and the 50% inhibition concentration (IC 50) value was 1.20 mmol·L -1. The population doubling time of T24 cells treated with melatonin at 0.71 mmol·L -1 was 43.2 hours, which was significant different from that of 34.6 hours of the control group. Using FCM, we found that the cell percentage increased during the G 1 phase, but decreased during the S stage. The degenerated ultra-structure of the cell treated with melatonin was also observed by TEM. Conclusion The results suggest that melatonin can inhibit the growth of human bladder carcinoma T24. The inhibitory effects of melatonin might be the prolonging of the staging from G 1 to S in the cell cycle.

Magic wavelengths for 6s_(1/2)→5d_(3/2,5/2)transitions of Yb~+ions

The wave functions,energy levels and matrix elements of Yb+ions are calculated using the relativistic configuration interaction plus core polarization(RCICP)method.The static and dynamic electric dipole polarizabilities of the ground state and low-lying excited states are determined.Then,the magic wavelengths of the magnetic sublevel 6s_(1/2,m=1/2)→5d_(3/2,m=±3/2,±1/2)and 6s_(1/2,m=1/2)→5_(d5/2,m=±5/2,±3/2,±1/2)transitions in the linearly,right-handed,and left-handed polarized light are further determined.The dependence of the magic wavelengths upon the angle between the direction of magnetic field and the direction of laser polarization is analyzed.

Mechanism of AiTongXiao granule in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma based on network pharmacology and rat transplanted liver cancer model

Objective:To investigate the mechanism of action and material basis of AiTongXiao granule in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)based on network pharmacology and transplanted liver cancer rat model.Methods:TCMSP database was used to screen out effective components and its corresponding potential pharmaceutical targets,and databases including Gene Cards,OMIM,Drugbank and TTD were further used to collect HCC-related drug targets.The intersecting targets were obtained by mapping the drug and disease targets.The component-targets network was constructed and visualized by Cytoscape 3.8.2 software.Protein-protein interaction(PPI)network was built by STRING online platform,and the topological relationship and core targets was analyzed and screened by using CytoNCA software.In addition,Metascape database was used to perform gene ontology(GO)enrichment analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG)pathway analysis of the core targets.At last,rat liver transplanted liver cancer model was established by using Walker-256 cell line and treated by AiTongXiao granule for 15 days.Western blot was used to further compare the expression levels of AKT,pAKT,p53,p-p53,ERK1/2 and ERK1/2 in the tumor between treatment group and the control group.Results:257 active components were obtained from AiTongXiao granule,corresponding to 294 drug targets.Meanwhile,233 of the 7993 HCC disease targets were screened out between AiTongXiao granule drug and HCC disease targets.11 core targets including AKT1,IL6,TP53,MAPK3,TNF,JUN,CASP3,MAPK1,MYC,PTGS2,MMP9 were further obtained by median screening.GO and KEGG analysis results showed that these core targets enriched to HBV,TNF and cancer related pathways.The rat transplanted liver cancer model results indicated significant down regulation for AKT,p-AKT,pERK1/2,and significant up regulation of p-p53 after AiTongXiao granule treatment(P<0.05).Conclusion:AiTongXiao granule could act to multiple cancer related pathways,and AKT,p53 and ERK1/2 were validated to be regulated by ATXF in rat model.The mechanism may be through the regulation of the above signaling pathways to exert anti-liver cancer effect.

Mitophagy in the Skeletal Muscle Is Suppressed in Spleen Qi Deficiency

Objective: Mitochondrial impairment in the skeletal muscle contributes to useless of limbs in spleen qi deficiency;however the genesis of such impairment is not clear. Herein, PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1)-Parkin pathway and mitophagy were studied to explore the machinery of mitochondrial impairment. Methods: 16 male SD rats were randomly divided in the control group and spleen qi deficiency group (model group);transmission electron microscope was used to observe mitochondrial morphology;mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation was assessed by testing mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and levels of ATP and ROS;western blot was used to analyze expressions of PINK1, Parkin, microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3-II (LC3-II) and p62. Results: Compared with those in the control group, mitochondria became small, less and scattered, MMP and the ATP level were reduced, the ROS level was elevated, PINK1 expression was decreased, p62 expression was increased, but Parkin and LC3-II expressions were not altered, in the model group. Conclusions: Suppression of mitophagy might be related to the mitochondrial damage in the skeletal muscle when spleen qi deficiency develops.

Precision determination of dipole transition elements with a single ion

In the field of quantum metrology,transition matrix elements are crucial for accurately evaluating the black-body radiation shift of the clock transition and the amplitude of the related parity-violating transition,and can be used as probes to test quantum electrodynamic effects,especially at the 10^(−3)–10^(−4)level.We developed a universal experimental approach to precisely determine the dipole transition matrix elements by using the shelving technique,for the species where two transition channels are involved,in which the excitation pulses with increasing duration were utilized to induce shelving,and the resulting shelving probabilities were determined by counting the scattered photons from the excited^(2)P_(1∕2)state to the^(2)S_(1∕2)ground state.Using the scattered photons offers several advantages,including insensitivity to fluctuations in magnetic field,laser intensity,and frequency detuning.An intensity-alternating sequence to minimize detection noise and a real-time approach for background photon correction were implemented in parallel.We applied this technique to a single Yb^(+)ion,and determined the 6p^(2)P_(1∕2)-5d^(2)D_(3∕2)transition matrix element 2.9979(20)ea0,which indicates an order of magnitude improvement over existing reports.By combining our result with the 6p^(2)P_(1∕2)lifetime of 8.12(2)ns,we extracted the 6s^(2)S_(1∕2)-6p^(2)P_(1∕2)transition matrix element to be 2.4703(31)ea0.The accurately determined dipole transition matrix elements can serve as a benchmark for the development of high-precision atomic many-body theoretical methods.

Bisphenol A induces testicular oxidative stress in mice leading to ferroptosis

Bisphenol A is a common environmental factor and endocrine disruptor that exerts a negative impact on male reproductive ability.By exploring bisphenol A-induced testicular cell death using the Institute of Cancer Research(ICR)mouse model,we found that a ferroptosis phenomenon may exist.Mice were divided into six groups and administered different doses of bisphenol A via intragastric gavage once daily for 45 consecutive days.Serum was then collected to determine the levels of superoxide dismutase and malondialdehyde.Epididymal sperm was also collected for semen analysis,and testicular tissue was collected for ferritin content determination,electron microscope observation of mitochondrial morphology,immunohistochemistry,real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction,and western blot analysis.Exposure to bisphenol A was found to decrease sperm quality and cause oxidative damage,iron accumulation,and mitochondrial damage in the testes of mice.In addition,bisphenol A was confirmed to affect the expression of the ferroptosis-related genes,glutathione peroxidase 4(GPX4),ferritin heavy chain 1(FTH1),cyclooxygenase 2(COX2),and acyl-CoA synthetase 4(ACSL4)in mouse testicular tissues.Accordingly,we speculate that bisphenol A induces oxidative stress,which leads to the ferroptosis of testicular cells.Overall,the inhibition of ferroptosis may be a potential strategy to reduce male reproductive toxicity caused by bisphenol A.

Efficacy of Sijunzi decoction(四君子汤) on limb weakness in spleen Qi deficiency model rats through adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase/unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1 signaling

OBJECTIVE:To investigate the efficacy of Sijunzi decoction(四君子汤)on limb weakness in a rat model of spleen Qi deficiency(SQD),and to study its effect on mitophagy in skeletal muscle through adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase(AMPK)/unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1(ULK1)signaling.METHODS:SQD model rats were produced by fasting combined with forced swimming method for15 d.After model assessment,rats were randomly divided into four groups of 10[low/middle/high(L/M/H)Sijunzi decoction dose groups and a normal saline(S)group].Limb holding power(HP)and body mass(BM)were measured after 2 weeks of treatment.Following euthanasia,quadriceps femoris were dissected and myofiber and mitochondrial morphology were observed by transmission electron microscopy(TEM).Mitochondrial membrane potential(MMP),adenosine triphosphatase(ATP)and reactive oxygen species(ROS)levels were determined using colorimetric methods,and immunoblot analysis of Microtubule-associated protein light chain 3(LC3)and Sequestosome 1(p62)was performed to monitor mitophagy and AMPK/ULK1 signaling.RESULTS:Compared with control(C)group rats,in the S group,HP was reduced,the myofiber Z line was disordered,mitochondria were scattered,and numerous vacuoles and mitophagy were observed.MMP and ATP levels were reduced,ROS levels were elevated,and LC3B expression,and p-AMPKα(Thr172)/AMPKα,p-ULK1(Ser555)/ULK1,and p-Raptor(Ser792)/Raptor ratios were increased,while p62 expression and p-mT OR(Ser2448)/mT OR and p-ULK1(Ser757)/ULK1 ratios were decreased.After treatment,compared with the S group,HP was improved in M and H groups but not in the L group.Mitophagy was reduced in M,H and L groups but the Z line was disordered and vacuolization remained in the L group.ATP levels were elevated in M,H and L groups,and MMPs were elevated in M and H groups but not in the L group.ROS levels were decreased in M,H and L groups,as were LC3B expression and p-Raptor(Ser792)/Raptor ratios,while p62 expression and p-mT OR(Ser2448)/mT OR and p-ULK1(Ser757)/ULK1 ratios were increased in M and H groups but not in the L group.p-AMPKα(Thr172)/AMPKαand p-ULK1(Ser555)/ULK1 ratios were decreased in M,H and L groups.CONCLUSIONS:Sijunzi decoction improved HP,possibly by inhibiting mitophagy via suppression of AMPK/ULK1 signaling.This restored mitochondrial morphology and improved oxidative phosphorylation,which contributed to recovery of limb weakness in SQD model rats.

Rapid climate change-induced collapse of hunter-gatherer societies in the lower Mississippi River valley between ca. 3300 and 2780 cal yr BP

Hunter-gatherer communities in the American Southeast reached an apogee of social and political complexity in the period between ca. 4200 and 3000 cal yr BP. In the lower Mississippi Valley(LMV) the Poverty Point culture defined this period of socio-political elaboration. However, following a significant period of climate change that led to exceptional flooding and a major reorganization of the course of the Mississippi River, this culture collapsed beginning ca. 3300–3200 cal yr BP and the LMV was abandoned for the subsequent 500 years. In this study, we use data from the Jaketown site in the Yazoo Basin of west-central Mississippi to refine the chronology of the climate event that caused the collapse of the Poverty Point culture. A large flood buried Poverty Point-era occupation deposits at Jaketown around 3310 cal yr BP. Lateral migration of the Mississippi River during flooding led to inundation of the Yazoo Basin and re-occupation of ancient river courses. A coarse sand stratum topped by a more than a meter-thick fining upward sediment package marks a crevasse deposit caused by a rupture of the natural levee at Jaketown. This levee breach was part of a larger pattern of erratic flooding throughout the LMV and is associated with major landscape evolution and the abandonment of Poverty Point sites within the valley. Early Woodland peoples re-colonized the crevasse surface after ca. 2780 cal yr BP. Following this event, the Jaketown site and the eastern Yazoo Basin witnessed a period of landscape stability that lasts to this day. These archaeological data demonstrate how climate change and natural disasters can lead to socio-political dissolution and reorganization even in relatively small-scale hunter-gatherer populations.

Preparation of MnO2 Loaded Hydrothermal Carbon-coated Electrospun PAN Fiber Membranes for Highly Efficient Adsorption and Separation of Cationic Dye

Hydrothermal carbonaceous materials and MnO2 have been proved to be promising adsorbents to remove organic dyes from wastewater.In this study,flexible MnO2 loaded hydrothermal carbon-coated electrospun poly-acrylonitrile(AC/MnO/PAN)fiber membranes were fabricated by a facile one-step hydrothermal method and activated by NaOH solution.The composite fibers exhibited large adsorption capacity toward cationic dyes and ex-cellent mechanical properties.The adsorption performance can be ftted well with pseudo-second order model and Langmuir isotherm model.The maximum adsorption for methylene blue(MB),methyI violet(MV)and malachite green(MG)are 1173.27,1106.31 and 1129.89 mg/g,respectively,according to Langmuir ftting.The AC/MnO/PAN fiber membrane also showed satisfactory performances for selective adsorption and recyclability.In addition,based on selective adsorption,the AC/MnOz/PAN fiber membranes that are repulsive to the anionic dye methyl orange(MO)can separate the MB/MO mixture solution by dynamic filration.Thus,this work not only provides a facile strategy to fabricate large capacity adsorbents,but also dermonstrates the potential appications in the dye wastewater treatment field.

A Novel Hollow Carbon@MnO_(2) Electrospun Nanofiber Adsorbent for Efficient Removal of Pb^(2+) in Wastewater

Lead ion(Pb^(2+))is one of the most hazardous heavy metal ions in aquatic environments.Carbon materials and manganese dioxide(MnO_(2))have been shown to be prospective adsorbents to cope with the lead pollution.In this study,a novel hollow carbon@MnO_(2) composite nanofiber adsorbent was prepared by the combination of electrospinning and carbonization.The PAN nanofiber membrane is subjected to a pre-oxidation and carbonization process,and then the obtained carbon nanofibers react with KMnO4 solution during the hydrothermal process to develop the hollow carbon@MnO_(2) nanofibers.The hollow carbon@MnO_(2) nanofibers displayed a higher adsorption capacity of Pb^(2+)than carbon and MnO_(2)/PDA/PAN nanofibers.The maximum adsorption capacity toward Pb^(2+)by hollow carbon@MnO_(2) nanofibers was 460.83 mg/g.After 5 adsorption-desorption cycles,the carbon@MnO_(2) nanofibers had a good recyclability and the removal efficiency remained 81.47%.Moreover,the removal efficiency of the hollow composite nanofibers for Pb^(2+)from real wastewater could reach 94.37%.This work shows a strategy for synthetics of the hollow carbon@MnO_(2) nanofibers,which exhibits a promising potential in actual wastewater treatment.

Compositions of thin white tongue coating microorganisms in chronic atrophic gastritis patients

Objective To observe the compositions of microbial community of thin white tongue coating in chronic atrophic gastritis(CAG)patients.Methods Authors collected thin white tongue coating from CAG patients(30 cases)and healthy controllers(HC,30 cases).The 16S rRNA gene sequencing technology was used to study the bacterial flora of thin white tongue coating.Results(1)The thin white tongue coating had similar compositions of advantageous microbial community in the two groups.Of them,the dominant bacteria of tongue coating at the genus level(the comparative content>0.5%)were Streptococcus(21.85%±4.00%),Neisserian(14.98%±1.21%),Veillonella(6.30%±1.10%),Prevotella(3.92%±0.14%),Leptotrichia(3.89%±1.53%),and Moraxella(0.64%±0.21%).(2)Significant differences existed in the contents of 5 bacteria genera between the two groups.The relative contents of Moraxella,Veillonella,and Leptotrichia in CAG patients were significantly increased(P<0.05)and the relative contents of Stococctus and Alloprevotella in CAG patients were significantly reduced(P<0.01,P<0.05).(3)According to top 35 of the genus heatmap,the dominant bacteria were different between the HC group and the CAG group.The dominant bacteria in the HC group were Streptococcus,Alloprevotella,Prevotella-7,Oribacterium,and unidentified-saccharibacteria.And the dominant bacteria in the CAG group were Solobacterium,Lautropia,Aggregatibacter,Stomatobaculum,Megasphaera,Campylobacter,Lachnoanaerobaculum,Leptotrichia,and Veillonella.Conclusion CAG patients and healthy people have similar basic bacterial structure of the thin white tongue coating.The different structure of microflora may be closely related to the occurrence and development of CAG.