By means of scanning electron microscope(SEM)and high voltage electron microscope(HVEM)we have observed and analysed morphology and micro-structure of silicon oxide film with different thickness formed on(111)silicon ...By means of scanning electron microscope(SEM)and high voltage electron microscope(HVEM)we have observed and analysed morphology and micro-structure of silicon oxide film with different thickness formed on(111)silicon monocrystal under dry oxygen atmosphere at 1100℃.Compared with their oxidation kinetic curves consisted of three stages,we suggested a mechanism on forming silicon oxide film.According to electron and X-ray diffraction analyses the silicon oxide films consisted of silica with different crystal structure.We also have discussed a stacking fault and a dislocation formed in the Si-Sio_2 interface region simulaneously forming silicon oxide film.展开更多
Production planning is the foremost task for manufacturing firms to deal with, especially adopting Flexible Manufacturing System (FMS) as the manufacturing strategy for production seeking an optimal balance between pr...Production planning is the foremost task for manufacturing firms to deal with, especially adopting Flexible Manufacturing System (FMS) as the manufacturing strategy for production seeking an optimal balance between productivity-flexibility requirements. Production planning in FMS provides a solution to problems regarding part type selection: machine grouping, production ratio, resource allocation and loading problem. These problems need to be solved optimally for maximum utilization of resources. Optimal solution to these problems has been a focus of attention in production and manufacturing, industrial and academic research since a number of decades. Evolution of new optimization techniques, software, technology, machines and computer languages provides the scope of a better optimal solution to the existing problems. Thus there remains a need of research to solve the problem with latest tools and techniques for higher optimal use of available resources. As an objective, the researchers need to reduce the computational time and cost, complexity of the problem, solution approach viz. general or customized, better user friendly communication with machine, higher freedom to select the desired objective(s) type(s) for optimal solution to the problem. As an approach to the solution to the problem, a researcher first needs to go for an exhaustive literature review, where the researcher needs to find the research gaps, compare and analyze the tools and techniques used, number of objectives considered for optimization and need, and scope of research for the research problem. The present study is a review paper analyzing the research gaps, approach and techniques used, scope of new optimization techniques or any other research, objectives considered and validation approaches for loading problems of production planning in FMS.展开更多
1. Barriers ＆ Mitigation to Commercialization of Small Hydel Power Plants In Pakistan 1.1 Institutional Barriers In Pakistan, research, development and implementation of small ＆ micro hydel power on commercial scal...1. Barriers ＆ Mitigation to Commercialization of Small Hydel Power Plants In Pakistan 1.1 Institutional Barriers In Pakistan, research, development and implementation of small ＆ micro hydel power on commercial scale has been hampered by a lack of cordination, institutional support, poor definition of mandates and responsibilities of the organizations. Until May, 2003, there was not a single central agency with the overall responsibility for policy, planning, targets, co-ordination and strategic management of this sector, although there were a number of disparate bodies set up with limited objectives and little coordination amongst different stakeholder.展开更多
A distance learning Continuing Medical Education （CME） project based on live interactive presentations and a group participatory model demonstrated that important strides can be made in the quality of CME available ...A distance learning Continuing Medical Education （CME） project based on live interactive presentations and a group participatory model demonstrated that important strides can be made in the quality of CME available to health care professionals in African rural settings. Implementers choose a communication model consistent with the fundamental orality of Kenyan and other sub-Saharan African countries. The project involved four hospitals and one training institution in rural Kenya. The testing of learners and focus group discussions with learners, facilitators and presenters indicated that the project＇s methodologies, that strove to be culturally and work place friendly, contributed to gains in knowledge, competencies including case management, the continuity of patient care, team work, staff morale and other issues of expressed importance to the hospital healthcare work force and hospital administrators. The learning system, known as Advancing Continuing Medical Education through Information Technology （ACME-IT）, was implemented by the Kenyan Ministry of Medical Services, EC Associates and the US-funded Aphia2 Western initiative implemented by PATH. The findings of this pilot suggests that the ACME-IT methodology that set up learning centers at the participating institutions is a promising viable alternative to the traditional and relatively expensive workshop training that characterizes much of CME in lower and middle income countries.展开更多
Bermudagrass(Cynodon dactylon(L.)Pers.)is one of the primary perennial forages in the southeastern USA.Newer hybrid cultivars have superior production and nutritive value compared to common ecotypes.However,there are ...Bermudagrass(Cynodon dactylon(L.)Pers.)is one of the primary perennial forages in the southeastern USA.Newer hybrid cultivars have superior production and nutritive value compared to common ecotypes.However,there are many challenges facing bermudagrass production in the region.First,the bermudagrass stem maggot(BSM;Atherigona reversura Villeneuve)has severely damaged bermudagrass throughout the region.Strategically timed pyrethroid applications significantly reduce adult BSM populations,but efforts are needed to develop integrated pest management plans.Second,an increasing number of producers are noting challenges with green-up following winter dormancy.This may be attributed to disease,unbalanced soil fertility,and weed pressure.Perhaps one of the most limiting factors for continued production is the deficit of sprigs and trained personnel to sprig hybrid bermudagrasses.This research is critically important as the need for cold-tolerant bermudagrass is increasing as tall fescue(Lolium arundinaceum(Schreb.)S.J.Darbyshire)is declining due to changes in temperature and precipitation throughout the northern parts of the region.Plant breeders are investigating hybrid bermudagrass at latitudes>35°with respect to freeze or cold tolerance.Despite the many challenges facing hybrid bermudagrass in the southeastern USA,researchers are working to ensure its persistence,productivity,and availability for the future.展开更多
The increasing threat posed by state and nonstate actors seeking to misuse scientific and technological developments means it is more important than ever to ensure the responsible conduct of life sciences research,bio...The increasing threat posed by state and nonstate actors seeking to misuse scientific and technological developments means it is more important than ever to ensure the responsible conduct of life sciences research,biosecurity research,and dual-use research of concern(DURC).Pakistan has a rapidly growing research environment and,being a signatory to the Biological Toxins and Weapons Convention,is committed to raising DURC awareness among its researchers.To this end,a series of five workshops were conducted in Pakistan between July 2018 and January 2020 with the support of the United States organization Health Security Partners.The workshops targeted universities offering postgraduate programs in life and medical sciences.The purpose of the workshops was to enable participants to understand the concept of DURC,review their own research,determine if any of their experiments may be DURC,identify potential risks while conducting the research,and develop protocols to mitigate DURC threats.A pre-and post-workshop questionnaire evaluated the knowledge of the participants.Evaluations of both the course and facilitators were obtained at each workshop.展开更多
45°-cut BaTiO<sub>3</sub> crystals have been studied and used for their enhanced photorefractive performance. Theoretically, BaTiO<sub>3</sub> crystal has its maximum two-wave mixing （TWM...45°-cut BaTiO<sub>3</sub> crystals have been studied and used for their enhanced photorefractive performance. Theoretically, BaTiO<sub>3</sub> crystal has its maximum two-wave mixing （TWM） gain when the grating wave vector K<sub>g</sub> is about 45° tilted with respect to its C-axis. However, for thick samples, the effective gain is usually reduced because of the fanning problem. At steady states, the effective TWM gain of a 45°-cut BaTiO<sub>3</sub> is normally展开更多
文摘By means of scanning electron microscope(SEM)and high voltage electron microscope(HVEM)we have observed and analysed morphology and micro-structure of silicon oxide film with different thickness formed on(111)silicon monocrystal under dry oxygen atmosphere at 1100℃.Compared with their oxidation kinetic curves consisted of three stages,we suggested a mechanism on forming silicon oxide film.According to electron and X-ray diffraction analyses the silicon oxide films consisted of silica with different crystal structure.We also have discussed a stacking fault and a dislocation formed in the Si-Sio_2 interface region simulaneously forming silicon oxide film.
文摘Production planning is the foremost task for manufacturing firms to deal with, especially adopting Flexible Manufacturing System (FMS) as the manufacturing strategy for production seeking an optimal balance between productivity-flexibility requirements. Production planning in FMS provides a solution to problems regarding part type selection: machine grouping, production ratio, resource allocation and loading problem. These problems need to be solved optimally for maximum utilization of resources. Optimal solution to these problems has been a focus of attention in production and manufacturing, industrial and academic research since a number of decades. Evolution of new optimization techniques, software, technology, machines and computer languages provides the scope of a better optimal solution to the existing problems. Thus there remains a need of research to solve the problem with latest tools and techniques for higher optimal use of available resources. As an objective, the researchers need to reduce the computational time and cost, complexity of the problem, solution approach viz. general or customized, better user friendly communication with machine, higher freedom to select the desired objective(s) type(s) for optimal solution to the problem. As an approach to the solution to the problem, a researcher first needs to go for an exhaustive literature review, where the researcher needs to find the research gaps, compare and analyze the tools and techniques used, number of objectives considered for optimization and need, and scope of research for the research problem. The present study is a review paper analyzing the research gaps, approach and techniques used, scope of new optimization techniques or any other research, objectives considered and validation approaches for loading problems of production planning in FMS.
文摘1. Barriers ＆ Mitigation to Commercialization of Small Hydel Power Plants In Pakistan 1.1 Institutional Barriers In Pakistan, research, development and implementation of small ＆ micro hydel power on commercial scale has been hampered by a lack of cordination, institutional support, poor definition of mandates and responsibilities of the organizations. Until May, 2003, there was not a single central agency with the overall responsibility for policy, planning, targets, co-ordination and strategic management of this sector, although there were a number of disparate bodies set up with limited objectives and little coordination amongst different stakeholder.
文摘A distance learning Continuing Medical Education （CME） project based on live interactive presentations and a group participatory model demonstrated that important strides can be made in the quality of CME available to health care professionals in African rural settings. Implementers choose a communication model consistent with the fundamental orality of Kenyan and other sub-Saharan African countries. The project involved four hospitals and one training institution in rural Kenya. The testing of learners and focus group discussions with learners, facilitators and presenters indicated that the project＇s methodologies, that strove to be culturally and work place friendly, contributed to gains in knowledge, competencies including case management, the continuity of patient care, team work, staff morale and other issues of expressed importance to the hospital healthcare work force and hospital administrators. The learning system, known as Advancing Continuing Medical Education through Information Technology （ACME-IT）, was implemented by the Kenyan Ministry of Medical Services, EC Associates and the US-funded Aphia2 Western initiative implemented by PATH. The findings of this pilot suggests that the ACME-IT methodology that set up learning centers at the participating institutions is a promising viable alternative to the traditional and relatively expensive workshop training that characterizes much of CME in lower and middle income countries.
基金National Institute of Food and Agriculture,Grant/Award Number:2017-70005-27089Georgia Seed DevelopmentGeorgia Beef Commission。
文摘Bermudagrass(Cynodon dactylon(L.)Pers.)is one of the primary perennial forages in the southeastern USA.Newer hybrid cultivars have superior production and nutritive value compared to common ecotypes.However,there are many challenges facing bermudagrass production in the region.First,the bermudagrass stem maggot(BSM;Atherigona reversura Villeneuve)has severely damaged bermudagrass throughout the region.Strategically timed pyrethroid applications significantly reduce adult BSM populations,but efforts are needed to develop integrated pest management plans.Second,an increasing number of producers are noting challenges with green-up following winter dormancy.This may be attributed to disease,unbalanced soil fertility,and weed pressure.Perhaps one of the most limiting factors for continued production is the deficit of sprigs and trained personnel to sprig hybrid bermudagrasses.This research is critically important as the need for cold-tolerant bermudagrass is increasing as tall fescue(Lolium arundinaceum(Schreb.)S.J.Darbyshire)is declining due to changes in temperature and precipitation throughout the northern parts of the region.Plant breeders are investigating hybrid bermudagrass at latitudes>35°with respect to freeze or cold tolerance.Despite the many challenges facing hybrid bermudagrass in the southeastern USA,researchers are working to ensure its persistence,productivity,and availability for the future.
文摘The increasing threat posed by state and nonstate actors seeking to misuse scientific and technological developments means it is more important than ever to ensure the responsible conduct of life sciences research,biosecurity research,and dual-use research of concern(DURC).Pakistan has a rapidly growing research environment and,being a signatory to the Biological Toxins and Weapons Convention,is committed to raising DURC awareness among its researchers.To this end,a series of five workshops were conducted in Pakistan between July 2018 and January 2020 with the support of the United States organization Health Security Partners.The workshops targeted universities offering postgraduate programs in life and medical sciences.The purpose of the workshops was to enable participants to understand the concept of DURC,review their own research,determine if any of their experiments may be DURC,identify potential risks while conducting the research,and develop protocols to mitigate DURC threats.A pre-and post-workshop questionnaire evaluated the knowledge of the participants.Evaluations of both the course and facilitators were obtained at each workshop.
基金Project supported by the K.C.Wong Education Foundation. Hong Kong
文摘45°-cut BaTiO<sub>3</sub> crystals have been studied and used for their enhanced photorefractive performance. Theoretically, BaTiO<sub>3</sub> crystal has its maximum two-wave mixing （TWM） gain when the grating wave vector K<sub>g</sub> is about 45° tilted with respect to its C-axis. However, for thick samples, the effective gain is usually reduced because of the fanning problem. At steady states, the effective TWM gain of a 45°-cut BaTiO<sub>3</sub> is normally
