Prevalence of retinal pathologies in people over 60 years:the Tehran Geriatrics Eye Study

AIM:To determine the prevalence of some retinal pathologies in people over 60y and their association with demographic and ocular factors.METHODS:A cross-sectional study was conducted in Tehran using multistage cluster sampling.After selecting subjects aged 60 and over,optometric,and ophthalmic examinations were done.For retinal examination,a 90 D lens was used and indirect ophthalmoscopy was performed after instilling tropicamide drops.Biometry was done using the IOL Master for all participants.RESULTS:Of 3791 people that were invited through cluster sampling,3310 participated in the study(response rate=82%).The prevalence of retinal pigmented epithelium(RPE)change,drusen,geographic atrophy(GA),hypertensive retinopathy(HTR),nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy(NPDR),proliferative diabetic retinopathy(PDR),choroidal neovascularization(CNV),central retinal artery occlusion(CRAO),myopic retinopathy(MR),branch retinal vein occlusion(BRVO),and central retinal vein occlusion(CRVO)was 27.42%,11.08%,4.52%,3.03%,4.05%,0.54%,0.82%,0.39%,0.20%,0.49%,and 0.19%,respectively.After removing the effect of age,the odds of NPDR were 1.68 times higher in women compared to men(P=0.014).After removing the effect of sex,the odds of drusen,RPE change,GA,CNV,BRVO,and CRVO increased with age.CONCLUSION:There is a higher prevalence of RPE change,drusen,GA,CNV and a lower prevalence of MR and CRAO in the elderly population of Tehran aged over 60y compared to global average values.Considering the correlation of most of the diseases with age and their effects on vision,attention should be paid to these diseases and the related screening programs to prevent vision impairment.

Axial length and anterior chamber indices in elderly population: Tehran Geriatric Eye Study

AIM:To determine the normative distribution of axial length(AL),anterior chamber depth(ACD),anterior chamber volume(ACV),anterior chamber angle(ACA),and some of their associated factors in subjects aged 60 and over.METHODS:In this cross-sectional study,160 clusters were sampled using multi-stage cluster sampling in Tehran,Iran.After a preliminary interview,the participants underwent optometric examinations including visual acuity and refraction measurement followed by slit lamp biomicroscopy.Finally,ocular imaging was done using the Pentacam AXL to measure AL,ACD,ACV,and ACA.RESULTS:A total of 4519 eyes of 2436 participants were evaluated,of whom 58.0%(n=1412)were female.The mean age of the subjects was 67.32±6.05y(range:60-95y).The mean AL,ACD,ACV,and ACA was 23.22 mm(23.18-23.27 mm),2.61 mm(2.59-2.62 mm),126.56 mm3(125.08-128.04 mm3),and 30.61°(30.3°-30.92°),respectively.In the multivariable model,after adjusting for the effect of both eyes,the longest and shortest AL was seen in myopic and hyperopic subjects,respectively.AL,ACD,ACV and ACA were significantly larger in men compared to women(P<0.001).Except ACA,other evaluated parameters showed an inverse correlation with age(P<0.001),however,this correlation was insignificant for AL(P=0.623).CONCLUSION:Normative value of AL,and other biometric parameters are specific for each ethnicity,age and sex group.Any alteration in these parameters and their effect on refraction should be considered in this age group,especially in case of cataract surgery.

Auto-refraction versus subjective refraction in different phakic and pseudophakic conditions:the Tehran Geriatric Eye Study(TGES)

AIM:To compare the subjective refraction data with non-cycloplegic auto-refraction findings in the geriatric population above 60 years of age according to the different crystalline lens conditions.METHODS:This report is a part of the Tehran Geriatric Eye Study(TGES)that was conducted from January 2019 to January 2020 on elderly population 60 years of age and above in Tehran.The samples were selected by multistage stratified random cluster sampling.Of 3791 individual invitees,3310(response rate:87.3%)participated in this study.All study participants underwent non-cycloplegic autorefraction(auto-refractometer/keratometer Nidek ARK-510)and subjective refraction.RESULTS:Regarding the sphere,eyes with mixed cataract had the worst limits of agreement(LoA:-1.24 to 0.87)and the best agreement was related to the pseudophakic eyes(LoA:-0.83 to 0.54).The highest(0.27±0.31 D)and lowest(0.21±0.27 D)differences between the two methods regarding the cylinder power were observed in eyes with cortical cataract and normal eyes,respectively.The worst LoA between the two methods in measuring the cylinder power was related to the eyes with mixed cataract(LoA:-0.44 to 0.96).Regarding the J0(horizontal/vertical components of astigmatism),the mean values of J0 obtained by auto-refraction were tended more toward against the rule direction in all crystalline lens conditions,and the two methods had the greatest difference in cortical cataract cases(0.05±0.17 D).Regarding the J45(oblique components of astigmatism),the lowest(0±0.11 D)and highest(-0.01±0.12 D)differences were observed in normal eyes and eyes with cortical cataract,respectively.CONCLUSION:The auto-refractometer/keratometer Nidek ARK-510 results in the elderly with different phakic and pseudophakic conditions do not correspond well with subjective refraction findings.This discrepancy in spherical findings is more pronounced in individuals with mixed cataract than in other cases.

Distribution and associated factors of intraocular pressure in the older population:Tehran Geriatric Eye Study

AIM:To determine the distribution and associated factors of intraocular pressure(IOP) in an Iranian elderly population 60 years of age and above.METHODS:The present report is part of the Tehran Geriatric Eye study(TGES),a population-based cross-sectional study that was conducted on the residents of Tehran 60 years of age and above.The sampling was performed using multistage stratified random cluster sampling methods from 22 districts of Tehran,Iran.Demographic and history information,blood samples,and blood pressure were collected from all participants.Ocular examinations included measurement of uncorrected and best-corrected visual acuity,objective and subjective refraction,and slit-lamp biomicroscopy.The IOP was measured using Goldmann applanation tonometry(GAT).Corneal imaging and ocular biometry were performed using Pentacam AXL.RESULTS:The data of 3892 eyes of 2124 individuals were analyzed for this report.The mean age of the study participants was 66.49±5.31y(range:60 to 95y).The mean IOP was 15.2 mm Hg(95%CI:15.1 to 15.4),15.3 mm Hg(95%CI:15.1 to 15.5) and 15.1 mm Hg(95%CI:15.0 to 15.3) in all participants,males,and females,respectively.Of the study participants,1.3% had an IOP of ≥20 mm Hg.The mean IOP increased from 15.1 mm Hg in the age group 60-64y to 16.3 mm Hg in the age group ≥80y.According to the final multiple GEE model,the IOP was statistically significantly higher in men than in women.All the studied age groups,except for the 75-79-year-old age group,had significantly higher IOP compared to the 60-64-year-old age group.The IOP was significantly higher in underweight compared to other body mass index groups.Moreover,the IOP had a statistically significant direct relationship with the mean corneal power(mean CP),central corneal thickness(CCT),and systolic blood pressure.CONCLUSION:The present study presents the distribution of IOP in an Iranian elderly population.A higher IOP(within the range 14 to 17 mm Hg) is significantly associated with older age,male sex,high systolic blood pressure,increased mean CP,and CCT.These factors should be considered in the clinical interpretation of IOP.

Evaluating the Impact of Workshop Management on the Progress of Road Construction Projects(Case Study:Road Construction Projects of Tehran Province)

Construction projects,including road construction,are very important.Therefore,a lot of money is spent on these projects every year.So,the lack of proper planning will increase the cost and cause irreparable damage to the country.The role of workshop management is one of the most important factors in increasing the cost of these types of projects.Generally,workshop management plays a very important role in improving the quality and quantity of projects and has an important place in the project implementation process.Therefore,this study evaluated the impact of workshop management on the progress of road construction projects on a case-by-case basis in road construction projects in Tehran province.According to the purpose of the research,this study was a descriptive-survey type.In addition,the tool used in this research was a questionnaire.The statistical population of this research included all experts and specialists in road construction projects,among whom 65 people were selected by snowball method.Then the collected data were analyzed using SPSS software.The results of this study showed that the management of the workshop and its role in the control and implementation of projects is a complex process,which can be implemented at high levels and effectively by combining scientific and experimental training.And a very important point in the discussion of workshop management is applying scientific management to the use of valuable experiences from others.Because management knowledge not only does not negate the use of these experiences,but also emphasizes the necessity of using them.In other words,improving the knowledge of workshop management is one of the requirements for the implementation of value engineering in construction projects,especially road construction,and it is very important.

Calculation of dpa rate in graphite box of Tehran Research Reactor(TRR)

Radiation damage is an important factor that must be considered while designing nuclear facilities and nuclear materials. In this study, radiation damage is investigated in graphite, which is used as a neutron reflector in the Tehran Research Reactor (TRR) core. Radiation damage is shown by displacement per atom (dpa) unit. A cross section of the material was created by using the SPECOMP code. The concentration of impurities present in the non-irradiated graphite was measured by using the ICP-AES method. In the present study the MCNPX code had identified the most sensitive location for radiation damage inside the reactor core. Subsequently, the radiation damage (spectral-averaged dpa values) in the aforementioned location was calculated by using the SPECTER, SRIM Monte Carlo codes, and Norgett, Robinson and Torrens (NRT) model. The results of “Ion Distribution and Quick Calculation of Damage”(QD) method groups had a minor difference with the results of the SPECTER code and NRT model. The maximum radiation damage rate calculated for the graphite present in the TRR core was 1.567 9 10^-8 dpa/s. Finally, hydrogen retention was calculated as a function of the irradiation time.

Synoptic-Thermodynamic Analysis of Pervasive Hailstorm Case Study: Tehran, March 30, 2015

The objective here is to assess the atmospheric evaluations with respect to the perilous hailstorm phenomenon in Tehran. To accomplish this study, the available data regarding 9 (WW) present weather codes that reveal the hailstorm phenomenon with different intensities in 3 hrs observations for 6 meteorological stations of Tehran and vicinity for the period between 1985-2015 are applied. It is revealed that hail occurrence in Tehran is at its maximum in transition seasons of spring and fall between the hrs. 6 - 18 (UTC). It is found that the instability indexes intensify in the afternoon with a higher atmospheric flotation indicative of the possibility in occurrence of thunder hailstorm. Synoptic assessments point to the fact that the synoptic pattern created this thunder storm due to expansion of two: low-pressure cores over Arabia and North-Europe and the cold high-pressure over South Russia with a NS orientation have developed an intense pressure gradient over Tehran province. The study area being located at the left exit of sub-tropical jet stream has made a Baroclinic atmosphere condition on Tehran province. Access to great humidity resources of Mediterranean and Black seas and a drastic decrease of temperature at the upper level of the cloud verifies the hail occurrence on March 30th of 2015 in Tehran.

Fault Movement Potentials in the Tehran-Semnan Region (North Iran)

The major Quaternary faults in the Tehran-Semnan region can be classified based on their strikes into three sets: northeast-southwest, northwest-southeast and east-west. In this paper, we use a model to evaluate fault movement potential (FMP). Their theoretical model is based on the relationship between fault geometrical characteristics and regional tectonic stress field. The results show that The Mosha, Emam Zadeh Davood and Pourlcan-Vardij fault zones have high FMP (0.9 or 90%) and the Parchin fault zone has very low FMP (0.0 - 0.1) in the area.

Evaluating the average access to care and continuity of care patients in Tehran teaching hospitals

Background: Standards of Joint Commission International emphasize on the organizational performance level in basic functional domains including patient right, patient care, medical safety and infection control. These standards are focused on two principles: expectations of the actual organizational performance and assessment of organizational capabilities to provide high quality and safe health care services. The aim of this study is to evaluate the possibility of improvement in Access to Care and Continuity of Care for patients (ACC) in teaching hospitals of Tehran University of Medical Sciences. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in hospitals affiliated to Tehran University of Medical Sciences during 2012. Data collection was performed using author-designed questionnaire of “Access to Care and Continuity of Care patients” based on JCI standards (2013). A total of 171 questionnaires were sent to 26 hospitals and 154 (90%) questionnaires were successfully completed and used for data analysis. The questionnaire was reviewed by experts and the Cronbach’s alpha was calculated to be 0.967. The effects of the two variables of hospital type (general, specialty) and the number of beds on mean scores of ACC standards and each of its domains were analyzed using T-test or Mann-Whitney test depending on the distribution due to Kolmogorov-Smirnov test result. Results: In general, the mean of ACC standards was found comprehendible and applicable by 82.3 (SD = 11) of the respondents. The highest and lowest mean scores of ACC questions belonged to hospitals H21 (90 ± 6) and H14 (67 ± 12), respectively. There were not any significant effects of hospital type and the number of beds on the ACC scores. Conclusion: There was not any important effect of hospital type and bed numbers on ACC, although there was a 9%-15% possibility of improvement in accreditation scores of ACC standards in hospitals of Tehran University of Medical Sciences. A complete accreditation score in this domain didn’t seem achievable in these hospitals. However, it is proposed that future managerial planning of the studied hospitals lead to a complete accreditation score.

Self Evaluation in Department of Communicable Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences

Introduction: Self evaluation is a process that defines and collects required data to judge about decision making issues at educational system on whether the educational department is fit to educate students? The objective of this study was determining the quality of the structural elements of the department of Communicable Diseases & determining the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats to improve the quality of activities in the department under research. Materials and Methods: The employed method was Mixed methods (qualitative & quantitative research), on the basis of 10 procedural steps and within 8 sections dealing with evaluated factors;such as 1) organizational and management structure 2) scientific board members 3) students 4) Manpower 5) Space of educational research and health care 6) Equipment 7) curriculum 8) satisfaction of graduates, which were studied using 61 criteria and 172 indicators. Five-point Likert Scale was used for the responses in the questionnaire (1 - 1.75 = undesirable, to 4.2 - 5 completely desirable). Finally the data were analyzed using descriptive statistics indices and the assessment software of the Educational Development Center of TUMS. The instruments used in this method included assessment software, interview, observation and self-prepared questionnaire which consisted of 7 questionnaires and 2 check lists. Finding: The results of the research showed that general average of 8 investigating sections was 56.9% as a rather desirable research work. Conclusions: Therefore, it was concluded that function of the educational management in that group was directly in line with evaluation process, but continuing the process of evaluation seems necessary.

Assessing Demographic Factors Related to Maternal Mortality in Tehran Province, Iran from 2008 to 2011

The rate of maternal mortality due to complications of pregnancy and delivery is one of the most significant indicators showing the development state of countries. The purpose of the present study is to assess important indicators of maternal health and predisposing factors of maternal mortality in Tehran province from 2008 to 2011. The present study is a case-control one. All mothers who had lost their life (n = 113) were selected through census and survived mothers (n = 327) through randomized stratified sampling. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS V.22, X2 test, Fishers exact test and Logistic regression. The rate of maternal mortality was the highest (29.2%) in 2009 and the lowest (20.4%) in 2011. Variables type of maternity hospital (P-value = 0.036), maternal education (P-value < 0.001), husband’s education (P-value < 0.001) had a significant relation to maternal mortality. Logistic regression analysis showed that there is a relationship between the education level of the husband and maternal mortality. Considering the factors affecting maternal mortality, promoting hospital services, improving skills and knowledge of doctors, midwives and nurses and strengthening educational programs for the illiterate are the most effective measures to reduce maternal mortality.

Clinical and molecular features of human cystic echinococcosis in Tehran,Iran,2011-2019

Objective:To evaluate the clinical and molecular features of human cystic echinococcosis in Tehran,Iran.Methods:In this cross-sectional study,all human cystic echinococcosis patients admitted to Tehran’s hospitals from 2011 to 2019 were enrolled,and demographic characteristics,clinical findings,and laboratory data were collected.Formalinfixed,paraffin-embedded and fresh tissue samples of 175 cystic echinococcosis patients were evaluated for molecular characterization.The samples’isolated DNA was used to amplify cytochrome c oxidaseⅠand NADH dehydrogenase subunitⅠgenes.Also,the morphological features of fresh samples were examined.Results:In total,175 patients with a mean age of 45(9-98)years were admitted to Tehran’s hospitals diagnosed with cystic echinococcosis.Moreover,the highest(26.9%)and the lowest(2.9%)prevalence of cystic echinococcosis cases were in the 16-30 and 1-15 years range,respectively.Male/female ratio was 0.96(49.1%vs.50.9%).The liver was affected in 92 patients(52.6%),and two or more organs were infected in 7 patients(4.0%).The cysts’diameter varied from 1 to 25 cm,and 96.0%of the patients had a single hydatid cyst.All patients underwent radical surgery and the PAIR technique was applied for all cases.No significant difference was observed between the protoscolex hooks of pulmonary and hepatic cysts.G1-G3 had the highest percentage(99.4%)over other identified G6 genotypes(0.6%).Conclusions:The sheep-dog cycle plays an important role in transmitting the human cystic echinococcosis infection in Tehran.

The Transverse Topographic Symmetry Factor of Darakeh Stream in the North Tehran, Iran

The study area?is located in the north Tehran, Iran. Calculation of transverse topographic symmetry factor (T) is suitable for rapid assessment of active tectonics. Therefore, transverse topographic symmetry factors have?beencalculated for the Darakeh stream. The study area is located in the Tehran Piedmont and transverse topographic symmetry factor?is calculated for it. Based on values of this index, there is high relative tectonic activity level. This condition can be related to existence of a blind north-south striking fault which it may be buried by alluvium of the Darakeh stream. Dendritic drainage pattern of Darakeh stream and the fact that the western tributaries are longer than the eastern tributaries provide indirect evidence of ground tilting toward the east. Also, based on our results, most part of the study area have got high tectonic activity that it is compatible with its tectonic setting on the Tehran in north Iran.

Zoning of CO Emissions in Tehran in the Medium Term by Using Third Quartile as the Exposure Candidate

CO is one of the main air pollutant which leads to many problems for human. Mega cities such as Tehran have critical issues by increasing the vehicles, fuel usage and urban area expansion. Hence, to have a clear view points on the pattern of CO concentration in Tehran, the data of 14 air quality concentration centers in a midterm period (2009 and 2012) are used. The main novelty of this research is using the third quartile (Q3) as the pollution indicator which leads to more accurate results based on the exposure pattern in a day. Additionally, by Spline interpolation model and using ArcGIS software the zoning maps to show the CO concentration in urban area are illustrated and discussed. Using Q3 instead of the mean values showed more accurate results due to the exposure patterns. Due to the results, the CO concentration shows a downward trend and the most changes are in the Western side of the city.

Seismic hazard assessment of Tehran,Iran with emphasis on near-fault rupture directivity effects

Many destructive earthquakes happened in Tehran, Iran in the last centuries. The existence of active faults like the North Tehran is the main cause of seismicity in this city. According to past investigations, it is estimated that in the scenario of activation of the North Tehran fault, many structures in Tehran will collapse. Therefore, it is necessary to incorporate the near field rupture directivity effects of this fault into the seismic hazard assessment of important sites in Tehran. In this study, using calculations coded in MATLAB, Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis （PSHA） is conducted for an important site in Tehran. Following that, deaggregation technique is performed on PSHA and the contribution of seis- mic scenarios to hazard is obtained in the range of distance and magnitude. After identifying the North Tehran fault as the most hazardous source affecting the site in 10000-year return period, rupture directivity effects of this fault is incorporated into the seismic hazard assessment using Somerville et al. （1997） model with broadband approach and Shahi and Baker （2011） model with narrowband approach. The results show that the narrowband approach caused a 27% increase in the peak of response spectrum in 10000-year return period compared with the conventional PSHA. Therefore, it is necessary to incorporate the near fault rupture directivity effects into the higher levels of seismic hazard assessment attributed to important sites.

First Report of Polymelia in a DSH Kitten in Tehran,Iran

Congenital malformations are intrinsic structural abnormalities and variations of organs,tissue and/or body systems that can occur during the embryonic development of all animal species,and may be partial or total.Polymelia in humans is a rare condition with little information about its occurrence.There is no categorization of data on its occurrence along with other congenital malformations.There are few reports of this occurring in cows,sheep,amphibians,reptiles,birds,dogs and cats.In Jan 2018,a DSH(Short Hair Domestic)kitten found on a street was referred to a veterinary hospital in Tehran with symptoms of rigid mass and deformity in the pelvic region.With lateral and ventrodorsal positioning,the case was sent to the radiology department and examined under the plain radiograph.Findings included two underdeveloped hindlimbs associated with normal left hindlimb showing the congenital deformity and malformations,deformity and underdevelopment of right hemipelvis,the fusion of first and second lumbar vertebrae and kyphosis due to lumbar vertebrae deformity.Through the radiological examinations,the results show that the rigid mass was actually the third hindlimb and the condition is called polymelia.This is the first reported case of polymelia in a domestic shorthair cat in Tehran,Iran.

Antibiotic resistance and carriage class 1 and 2 integrons in clinical isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii from Tehran,Iran

Objective:To investigate antibiotic resistance and carriage class 1 and 2 integrons in clinical isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii(A.baumannii)from Tehran,Iran.Methods:Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute.The presence of integrons was investigated by PCR using specific primers.Results:Among isolated A.baumannii strains,82%were multidrug resistant,27 samples(54%)were resistant to three or more than three antibiotics and 16 samples(32%)showed resistance to two antibiotics.Integrons were detected from 44 of 50 isolates(88%),with classes 1 and 2 being observed in 42%(21/50)and 82%(41/50)of isolates,respectively.Integron-positive A.baumannii isolates showed higher antibiotic resistance than integron-negative isolates and all showed a multidrug-resistant phenotype.Conclusions:Our findings show that classes 1 and 2 integrons,and especially classes 2 integrons are widely disseminated among A.baumannii strains isolated from Tehran and these structures are playing a major role in the acquisition of multidrug resistance in these strains.So monitoring of drug resistance with investigating carriage class 1 and 2 integrons is very important to plan specific infection control measures due to multidrug resistance A.baumannii in Iran hospitals.

Prevalence survey of infection with Treponema pallidum among HIV-positive patients in Tehran

Objective:To identify the frequency of syphilis among Iranian HIV-positive patients.Methods:A cross-sectional study on the prevalence of syphilis and HIV co-infection among 450 patients diagnosed with HIV infection was conducted between 2004 and 2008 at Imam Khomeini hospital,Tehran,Iran.The lab tests including CD4 cell count,cerebrospinal fluid,veneral disease research laboratory(VDRL),fluorescent treponema antibody-absorption(FTA-Abs)and viral load were performed for all the patients.Data regarding medical history and their demographics were also collected.Results:Of all 450 HIV-positive patients,24(5.3%)had a positive VDRL test and only two men had a FTA-Abs positive test which means 0.45%of them had a definite co-infection of syphilis.65.3%of the HIV-positive patients were injection drug users that the co-infection prevalence of them was 0.7%.We did not find any patient with neurosyphilis.Conclusions:Considering the increasing prevalence of HIV and also extensive use of highly active antiretroviral therapy in developing nations,the diagnosis of syphilis should be timely established using screening tests among such patients.

The Necessity of Using Cloud Computing in Monitoring Metropolitan Performance<br/>-Case Study: Tehran Metropolitan Urban Observatory

Due to the metropolitan area of immense diversity and breadth of their construction activities, the performance of activities at districts level, cannot be precisely evaluated. Therefore, generally, it monitors only the indices which are defined for those functions. Furthermore, district-based development policy, and decentralization of governance, necessitate more local autonomy, which requires closer monitors of districts for being sure of its movements in the frame of urban developing plans. The advancement of technology has created the expectation that we can monitor all details of the metropolitan administrative processes and involve them in decision support systems for urban management. In this study, a web based SDSS prototype has been implemented to monitor the Tehran development plans progress at districts level. This interactive system presents a map of Tehran which indicates the realization of each component of the city master plan in different parts of town. The design of system lets all districts produce and support their own reporting maps, and it presents them in their dedicated place of city map by snapping all districts reports, when a city report arises. Also it elaborates the problem of implementing and proposes “cloud computing facilities” as a solution.

Characterization and frequency of antibiotic resistance related to membrane porin and efflux pump genes among Acinetobacter baumannii strains obtained from burn patients in Tehran, Iran

Objective: To explore the characterization and frequency of antibiotic resistance related to membrane porin and efflux pump genes among Acinetobacter baumannii (A. baumannii) strains obtained from burn patients in Tehran, Iran. Methods: In this cross-sectional descriptive study, 100 strains of A. baumannii isolated from burn patients visiting teaching hospitals of Tehran were collected from January 2016 to November 2017. After A. baumannii strains were confirmed, antimicrobial susceptibility testing was done via Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. PCR amplification was performed for detection of β-lactamase adeR, OprD, adeS genes among A. baumannii strains. Results: All isolates (100%) were resistant to ceftazidime, cefotaxime, cefepime, ciprofloxacin, and piperacillin, and most isolates indicated high resistance (95%-97%) to meropenem, imipenem, gentamicin, ceftriaxone, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, piperacillin-tazobactam, amikacin, and tetracycline. The most effective antibiotic against A. baumannii isolates was colistin (97% sensitivity), followed by tigecycline. The frequency of OprD, adeS, and adeR genes were 98%, 91%, and 77%, respectively. Conclusions: This study shows that the majority of A. baumannii isolates are highly resistant to the antibiotics most commonly used in burn patients. Also, high distribution of OprD and adeRS genes may be responsible for the observed resistances among A. baumannii isolates that demonstrate the possible role of both efflux pumps in simultaneous of carbapenemase production during antibiotic resistance.