Genetic factors may be learnt from families with gene mutations that render nerve-injury sus- ceptibility even to ordinary physical activities. A typical example is hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure pal...Genetic factors may be learnt from families with gene mutations that render nerve-injury sus- ceptibility even to ordinary physical activities. A typical example is hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsies （HNPP）. HNPP is caused by a heterozygous deletion of PMP22 gene. PMP22 deficiency disrupts myelin junctions （such as tight junction and adherens junctions）, leading to abnormally increased myelin permeability that explains the nerve susceptibility to injury. This finding should motivate investigators to identify additional genetic factors contribut- ing to nerve vulnerability of injury.展开更多
Brain diseases affect 1 in 6 people worldwide.These diseases range from acute neurological conditions such as stroke to chronic neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease.Recent advancements in tissue-en...Brain diseases affect 1 in 6 people worldwide.These diseases range from acute neurological conditions such as stroke to chronic neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease.Recent advancements in tissue-engineered brain disease models have overcome many of the different shortcomings associated with the various animal models,tissue culture models,and epidemiologic patient data that are commonly used to study brain disease.One innovative method by which to model human neurological disease is via the directed differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells(hPSCs)to neural lineages including neurons,astrocytes,and oligodendrocytes.Three-dimensional models such as brain organoids have also been derived from hPSCs,offering more physiological relevance due to their incorporation of various cell types.As such,brain organoids can better model the pathophysiology of neural diseases observed in patients.In this review,we will emphasize recent developments in hPSC-based tissue culture models of neurological disorders and how they are being used to create neural disease models.展开更多
Cancer cachexia is a complex multifactorial syndrome that has a substantial impact on the quality of life of cancer patients. Although some treatment options exist to counteract cachexia, very few options counteract s...Cancer cachexia is a complex multifactorial syndrome that has a substantial impact on the quality of life of cancer patients. Although some treatment options exist to counteract cachexia, very few options counteract sarcopenia (loss of muscle mass). HMB may be a viable component in multi-modal approaches targeting treatment of cancer cachexia/sarcopenia. Evidence suggests that HMB promotes myogenic events, suppresses proteasome activity, and activates protein synthesis. HMB also represses inflammation, reduces tumor growth, and increases lifespan.展开更多
基金supported by grants from NINDS R01NS066927Department of Veterans Affairs R&D funds
文摘Genetic factors may be learnt from families with gene mutations that render nerve-injury sus- ceptibility even to ordinary physical activities. A typical example is hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsies （HNPP）. HNPP is caused by a heterozygous deletion of PMP22 gene. PMP22 deficiency disrupts myelin junctions （such as tight junction and adherens junctions）, leading to abnormally increased myelin permeability that explains the nerve susceptibility to injury. This finding should motivate investigators to identify additional genetic factors contribut- ing to nerve vulnerability of injury.
基金CTSA Award from the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences to the Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research,No.UL1 TR002243A Pilot and Feasibility Award from the NIDDK to the Vanderbilt Diabetes Research and Training Center,No.DK020593a VA MERIT Award,No.BX004845.
文摘Brain diseases affect 1 in 6 people worldwide.These diseases range from acute neurological conditions such as stroke to chronic neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease.Recent advancements in tissue-engineered brain disease models have overcome many of the different shortcomings associated with the various animal models,tissue culture models,and epidemiologic patient data that are commonly used to study brain disease.One innovative method by which to model human neurological disease is via the directed differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells(hPSCs)to neural lineages including neurons,astrocytes,and oligodendrocytes.Three-dimensional models such as brain organoids have also been derived from hPSCs,offering more physiological relevance due to their incorporation of various cell types.As such,brain organoids can better model the pathophysiology of neural diseases observed in patients.In this review,we will emphasize recent developments in hPSC-based tissue culture models of neurological disorders and how they are being used to create neural disease models.
文摘Cancer cachexia is a complex multifactorial syndrome that has a substantial impact on the quality of life of cancer patients. Although some treatment options exist to counteract cachexia, very few options counteract sarcopenia (loss of muscle mass). HMB may be a viable component in multi-modal approaches targeting treatment of cancer cachexia/sarcopenia. Evidence suggests that HMB promotes myogenic events, suppresses proteasome activity, and activates protein synthesis. HMB also represses inflammation, reduces tumor growth, and increases lifespan.
