Background: In the last decade, the search for gene mutations in lung cancer has been constantly growing. EGFR, KRAS mutations and, recently, the EML4-ALK fusion can guide the selection of treatment for patients who c...Background: In the last decade, the search for gene mutations in lung cancer has been constantly growing. EGFR, KRAS mutations and, recently, the EML4-ALK fusion can guide the selection of treatment for patients who carry a specific mutation. Methods: During 2010-2011, EML4-ALK fusion test has been performed in Israel, mostly for wild type EGFR non-squamous NSCLC patients based on fluorescent in-situ hybridization (FISH) technique to detect EML4-ALK rearrangements. Results: Between January 2010 and December 2011, 3341 patients were diagnosed with lung cancer in Israel. Of the 2997 patients with NSCLC 687 had squamous cell carcinoma and 2310 had non-squamous NSCLC. This study focused on available 125 non-squamous NSCLC cases in which analysis for EML4-ALK rearrangement was available. All were negative for EGFR mutation. Nineteen (15.2%) were found positive for the fusion, a figure 2 - 10 times higher compared with previously reported findings. The EML4-ALK fusion was significantly more prevalent in younger male patients (52.1 vs. 61.3 years, p = 0.049), in whom every additional year reduced the chance to find the fusion by 7% [CI = 0.93 (0.88 - 0.99), p = 0.03]. Conclusions: A stepwise approach based on histology and prior EGFR analysis to detect EML4-ALK fusion is highly efficient with a related increased yield of detection. We recommend testing patients with non-squamous cell lung carcinoma after ruling out an EGFR mutation. The chance to find the ALK fusion is significantly greater in younger men.展开更多
Experiments were performed on the crystallization of a CuSO4 solution upon the action of the temperature gradient with the forming of mono crystals three wedges crystal system （prisms）. We found that the fractal dim...Experiments were performed on the crystallization of a CuSO4 solution upon the action of the temperature gradient with the forming of mono crystals three wedges crystal system （prisms）. We found that the fractal dimension of crystals equals 2.45, which is consistent with the literature data. Crystal growth is represented as the N-rd translation of each side of the crystal lattice with its own speed and with relation to the formation of similar structures--fractals. A mathematical model of ultrasonic crystallization of a CuSO4 solution was proposed. The model is based on the combined use of differential transport equations of momentum, mass, energy and sound waves and a method of similarity and dimensional analysis. The calculated formulas for the concentration of Ccr, the equivalent diameter of the formed crystals dcr and the intensity of internal energy source Ф, associated with the interaction of crystals with the hydro mechanical, heat and sound fields were obtained. Fractal interpretation of ultrasonic crystallization of the CuSO4 solution was made. It was found that on the growth of crystal size d^r directly affects translation N, i.e., an increase in the number of sets of crystals of infinitely small size e, correspond to the size of the crystal lattice. In turn, translation of crystals depends on the geometry of the crystallizer and the physical parameters of external force fields, acting on the CuSO4 solution. A connection of results of the mathematical modeling with the results of fractal analysis of the ultrasonic crystallization of solutions was established.展开更多
文摘Background: In the last decade, the search for gene mutations in lung cancer has been constantly growing. EGFR, KRAS mutations and, recently, the EML4-ALK fusion can guide the selection of treatment for patients who carry a specific mutation. Methods: During 2010-2011, EML4-ALK fusion test has been performed in Israel, mostly for wild type EGFR non-squamous NSCLC patients based on fluorescent in-situ hybridization (FISH) technique to detect EML4-ALK rearrangements. Results: Between January 2010 and December 2011, 3341 patients were diagnosed with lung cancer in Israel. Of the 2997 patients with NSCLC 687 had squamous cell carcinoma and 2310 had non-squamous NSCLC. This study focused on available 125 non-squamous NSCLC cases in which analysis for EML4-ALK rearrangement was available. All were negative for EGFR mutation. Nineteen (15.2%) were found positive for the fusion, a figure 2 - 10 times higher compared with previously reported findings. The EML4-ALK fusion was significantly more prevalent in younger male patients (52.1 vs. 61.3 years, p = 0.049), in whom every additional year reduced the chance to find the fusion by 7% [CI = 0.93 (0.88 - 0.99), p = 0.03]. Conclusions: A stepwise approach based on histology and prior EGFR analysis to detect EML4-ALK fusion is highly efficient with a related increased yield of detection. We recommend testing patients with non-squamous cell lung carcinoma after ruling out an EGFR mutation. The chance to find the ALK fusion is significantly greater in younger men.
文摘Experiments were performed on the crystallization of a CuSO4 solution upon the action of the temperature gradient with the forming of mono crystals three wedges crystal system （prisms）. We found that the fractal dimension of crystals equals 2.45, which is consistent with the literature data. Crystal growth is represented as the N-rd translation of each side of the crystal lattice with its own speed and with relation to the formation of similar structures--fractals. A mathematical model of ultrasonic crystallization of a CuSO4 solution was proposed. The model is based on the combined use of differential transport equations of momentum, mass, energy and sound waves and a method of similarity and dimensional analysis. The calculated formulas for the concentration of Ccr, the equivalent diameter of the formed crystals dcr and the intensity of internal energy source Ф, associated with the interaction of crystals with the hydro mechanical, heat and sound fields were obtained. Fractal interpretation of ultrasonic crystallization of the CuSO4 solution was made. It was found that on the growth of crystal size d^r directly affects translation N, i.e., an increase in the number of sets of crystals of infinitely small size e, correspond to the size of the crystal lattice. In turn, translation of crystals depends on the geometry of the crystallizer and the physical parameters of external force fields, acting on the CuSO4 solution. A connection of results of the mathematical modeling with the results of fractal analysis of the ultrasonic crystallization of solutions was established.
