Use of the Newly Synthesized Aqueous Polyurethane Acrylate Binders for Printing Cotton and Polyester Fabrics

The use of the four new synthesized polyurethane acrylate binders in the pigment print paste for screen printing cotton and polyester fabrics and pigment fixation through the polymerization process of the binder by using the thermofixation technique as well as the UV curing technique was studied. The effect of changing time and temperature of thermofixation, and the time of UV curing on the color strength, and prints fastness properties were also studied. The results showed that, the newly synthesized polyurethane acrylate binders could be successfully used for pigment fixation on cotton and polyester using the two fixation techniques and in general their prints possessed better color strength values as compared to those obtained upon using the selected commercial binders.

Augmentation of Multifunctional Properties of Cellulosic Cotton Fabric Using Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles

Titanium dioxide nanoparticle was synthesized by the reduction of titanium tetrachloride using borohydride, water as solvent, and polyvinyl-pyrrolidone as stabilizer. The average size of nano-TiO2 is estimated to be 5 - 10 nm using a transmission electron microscope (TEM);this was confirmed by X-ray diffraction and UV-Vis spectroscopy. Nano-TiO2 was impregnated into cotton fabric to impart multifunctional properties and this was confirmed by scanning electron microscope and scanning electron microscope coupled with high energy distribution X-Ray (SEM-EDX). The TiO2 nanoparticles loaded cotton fabrics showed excellent antibacterial activity against two representative bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus (Gram positive) 96.6% and Klebsiella pneumonia (Gram negative) 95.2%. Also, TiO2 nanoparticles enhanced the self-cleaning and the protection of cotton fabrics against UV radiation in comparison with the untreated cotton fabrics. The TiO2 nanoparticles were durable in-situ cotton fabrics even after 20 laundering wash cycles.

Chitosan/Nanocrystalline Cellulose Biocomposites Based on Date Palm (Phoenix Dactylifera L.) Sheath Fibers

In this study,nanocrystalline celluloses were used to enhance physical,mechanical and water vapor barrier properties of chitosan films for potential food packaging applications.Two different mineral acids(sulfuric and phosphoric)were used to extract nanocrystalline cellulose from date palm sheath fibers.The influence of cellulose I and cellulose II on the properties of the isolated nanocrystalline celluloses(e.g.,yield,energy and length of intra-and intermolecular hydrogen bonds,and degree of substitution)were studied too.The characteristics of chitosan biocomposite film with phosphorylated nanocrystalline cellulose were compared to those with sulfated nanocrystalline cellulose.Results showed that besides cellulose polymorphism,the ionic ester groups on the surface of nanocrystalline cellulose is one of the factors influencing the physical,chemical,mechanical,and water vapor barrier properties in chitosan/nanocrystalline cellulose biocomposites.

Synthesis, Characterization and Utilization of Starch Hydroxypropyl Sulphate for Cationic Dye Removal

The best conditions for synthesis of starch hydroxypropyl sulphate as per the dry method were firstly established. This was done through a thorough investigation into factors affecting the synthesis including concentrations of both the NaOH catalyst and the 2-hydroxy-3-chloropropyl sulphate along with duration and temperature of the reaction. The resultant newly synthesized 2-hydroxy-3-chloropropyl sulphate was then reacted with starch to obtain starch hydroxypropyl sulphate ultimately. After being characterized by making use of IR spectroscopy analysis and scanning electronic microscope, the starch hydroxypropyl sulphate samples were submitted to evaluation for cationic dye removal using Methylene Blue (MB). Cationic dye removal was studied under a variety of conditions. Factors involved encompass initial dye concentration, duration, sulphur %, pH and adsorbent dose. 100% dye removal could be achieved under certain conditions which were described in the text.

Chemically Modified <i>Cornulaca monacantha</i>Biomass for Bioadsorption of Hg (II) from Contaminated Water: Adsorption Mechanism

Cornulaca monacantha (CM) a desert plant has been utilized as adsorbent material for the removal of Hg (II) ions from contaminated water after treatment with acrylamide in alkaline medium to form carbamoylethylated Cornulaca monacantha (CECM). Three levels of CECM having different nitrogen content were prepared. The CECM samples were characterized by estimating the nitrogen content. The ability of CECM to adsorb Hg (II) was investigated by using batch adsorption procedure. The data of the adsorption isotherm was tested by the Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin models. The removal of Hg (II) onto CECM particles could be well described by the pseudo-second order model. The adsorption rate of mercury was affected by the initial Hg (II) ion concentration, initial pH, adsorbent concentration and agitation time as well as extent of modification. The adsorption experiments indicated that the CECM particles have great potential for the removal of Hg (II) from contaminated water. The maximum adsorption capacity, Qmax of the CECM towards Hg (II) ions was found to be 384.6 mg/g at 30?C. Similarly, the Freundlich constant, n was found to be 2.03 at 30°C.

Synthesis and Biological Activity of Drug Delivery System Based on Chitosan Nanocapsules

Chitosan nanocapsules containing naproxen as an active ingredient were synthesized by ionic gelation method in presence of polyanion tripolyphosphate as a crosslinker. The morphology and diameter of the prepared chitosan nanoparticles was characterized using scanning electron microscopy and transition electron microscopy. Different factors affecting on the size diameter of chitosan nanoparticles such as stirring time and temperature, pH values as well as chitosan concentration were studied. Different factors affecting on the immobilization of naproxen into chitosan nanoparticles such as time, temperature and pH values were optimized. Synthesized naproxen/chitosan nanocapsules were assessed against both Gram positive bacterial strain such as Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus and Gram negative bacterial strain such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli. Also, the antifungal activity of the naproxen/chitosan nanocapsules against Saccharomyces cerevisiae was demonstrated. Super oxide dismutase like activity of naproxen/chitosan nanocapsules will be determined.

Rendering of Cellulose Acetate Fabrics Self-Cleaning through Treatment with TiO₂Nano Particles

Finishing using TiO2-nanosol treatment of cellulose acetate (CA) fabrics before and after the latter were pretreated with H2O2was undertaken with a view to impart unique properties to CA fabrics, notably, self-cleaning. Finishing was performed as per the pad-dry-cure method. The finishing treatment involved dispersing the nano-sized TiO2particles in a mixture of water and ethylene glycol (1:1) and application of the dispersions to CA fabrics was made under a variety of conditions. Self cleaning ability of the fabrics is favored by 1) increasing the concentration of TiO2-nanosol to certain limit;2) prolongation of curing time up to 15 second;3) raising the microwave power from 80% to 100% but with the certainty that power of 90% is the most proper. Besides, exposure time-to UV radiation-up to 90 minutes is essential to have remarkable self cleaning properties while keeping other technical properties, namely, strength, roughness and wettability practically unaltered. Incorporation of binder in the finishing pad-bath helps stabilizing the deposition of TiO2 with excellent self-cleaning. Pretreatment of CA fabrics with H2O2 is a pre requisite to guarantee excellent self-cleaning ability. Thermofixation and microwave fixation produces fabrics with very comparable technical properties.

Part 1: Synthesis and Evaluation of Novel Nano Scale Powdered Polyurethane Acrylate Binders

Some new an aqueous polyurethane acrylate (waterborne binder) based on polyethylene glycol with different M. wt. mixed with polyol were carried out. Seven different polyurethane acrylate co-polymers were prepared aiming at substituting the two hydroxyl groups of polyethylene glycol (6000, 12,000 and 20,000 g/mol) and two primary hydroxyl groups of polyol through their reaction with corresponding calculated amounts of either isophorone diisoyanate or toluene diisocyanate and caped the remaining isocyanate group with either hydroxy ethyl acrylate or hydroxy propyl methacrylate to get on the polyurethane acrylate polymers [PUA]. From DSC measurement the result of Tg of synthesized PUA are in range from -8.78℃ to 36.4℃. So they can classify as soft binders. The infrared spectra, rheological properties, viscosity measurement, the weight average molecular weight, of the synthesize binders were investigated.

Synthesis of Novel Acid Dyes with Coumarin Moiety and Their Utilization for Dyeing Wool and Silk Fabrics

This article describes the synthesis of some novel coumarin compounds to use as acid dyes by using compounds 1 - 4 as starting materials, which were prepared by interaction of 2-hydroxybenzaldehyde with ethyl 3-oxobutanoate, diethylmalonate, 4-nitrobenzenediazonium chloride and 4-sulfobenzenediazonium chloride, respectively. Compound 1 reacted with bromine and 2-cyanoacetohydrazide to give phenacyl bromide derivative 5 and 2-cyanoacetohydrazone derivative 6, respectively. Coupling of compound 6 with equimolar amount of 2-sulfo-4-((4-sulfophenyl) diazenyl)benzenediazonium chloride gave coumarin acid dye 8. Phenacyl bromide derivative 5 re-acted with potassium cyanide in refluxing ethanol to produce compound 7, which on coupling with equimolar amount of 8-hydroxy-6-sulfonaphthalene-2-diazonium chloride and 8-hydroxy-3,6-disulfonaphthalene-1-diazonium chloride gave coumarin acid dyes 9 and 10, respectively. Interaction of compound 2 with 2-amino-5-((4-sulfophenyl)diazenyl)benzenesulfonic acid, benzene-1,4-diamine and 3,3’-dimethoxy-[1,1’-biphenyl]-4,4’-diamine in refluxing ethanol afforded compounds 11, 12 and 14, respectively. Diazonium sulphate of compounds 12 and 14 coupling with 4-amino-5-hydroxynaphthalene-2,7-disulfonic acid gave compounds 13 and 15, respectively. Cyclocondensation of compound 3 with ethyl 3-oxobutanoate, diethyl malonate and malononitrile afforded derivatives of 3-acetyl-2H-chromen-2-one 16, ethyl 2-oxo-2H-chromene-3-carboxylate 17 and 2-imino-2H-chromene-3-carbonitrile 18, respectively. Reaction of sodium benzenesulfonate derivative 4 with ethyl 3-oxobutanoate and hydrazine hydrate gave compounds 19 and 20, respectively. The structures of the newly synthesized compounds were confirmed by elemental analysis, UV/ VIS, IR, 1H NMR and Ms spectral data. The suitability of the prepared dyestuffs for dyeing of wool and silk fabrics has been investigated. The dyed fabric shows good light fastness, very good rubbing, perspiration, washing and excellent sublimation fastness. These dyes have been color shade from blue to violet with very good depth and levelness on fabrics. The dye bath exhaustion and fixation on fabric has been found to be very good.

New Route for Novel Polycarboxylic Starch Hybrid

Starch was polymerized with methacrylic acid (MAA) to different magnitudes of poly (MAA) using potassium persulphate/sodium thiosulphate redox initiation system. The polymerization products are referred to as “composite”. The latter consists of poly (MAA)-starch graft copolymer, poly (MAA) in the form of homopolymer, oxidized starch brought about under the influence of the initiator and intact starch. At this end, the composite, the copolymer, and the untreated (native) starch were subjected to carboxymethylation under different conditions and the rheological properties of these starch—based on products before and after carboxymethylation examined. Results obtained disclosed that the susceptibility of these products toward carboxymethylation follows the order: native starch > Copolymer > composite. Meanwhile, these products exhibit non-Newtonian thixotropic behavior before carboxymethylation;and their rheology signifies the order: Composite > copolymer > native starch whereas after carboxymethylation these products are characterized by non-Newtonian Pseudoplastic behavior. For a given rate of shear, the apparent viscosity follows the order: native starch > composite > copolymer > carboxymethyl composite > carboxymethyl starch > carboxymethyl copolymer, in contrast with pseudoplasticity which reveals an opposite order. It was also shown that the apparent viscosity increases by increasing poly (MAA) in the copolymer and composite and that redrying of the copolymer and the composite after normal precipitation and drying causes a considerable enhancement in the apparent viscosity of these products.

UV/O₃Preirradiated Cotton Fabric-Containing Chitosan for Effective Removal of Heavy Metals

The present work aims at studying the effect of Ultra-Violet/Ozone (UV/O3) irradiation of cotton fabrics on their interaction with chitosan/citric acid based formulation and, the onset of this on the ability of treated fabrics to remove heavy metal ions from their aqueous solutions. To achieve the goal, the cotton fabrics were preirradiated for 90 minutes using UV/O3 as radiation source. The irradiated and the unirrdadiated cotton fabrics were submitted to finishing formulation consisting essentially of chitosan as a finishing agent and citric acid as crosslinking agent in combination with sodium hypophosphite (SHP) as a catalyst. Finishing formulation containing different concentrations of chitosan (0 - 4) along with citric acid (8 g/l) and SHP (4 g/l) were used and the interaction of chitosan with the cotton fabric was assessed through nitrogen measurement. The preirradiated and chemically finished fabrics vis-à-vis the unirrdadiated fabrics were examined for metal ion removal. Results conclude that the preirradiated cotton fabrics exhibit higher nitrogen content than the unirrdadiated fabrics. The same holds true for heavy metal removal, exemplified by Zn2+ and Cd2+ ions from their aqueous solutions. That is, preirradiated fabrics containing chitosan display higher percent heavy metal removal than their unirrdadiated mates.

Preparation and Characterization of Conductive Cellulosic Fabric by Polymerization of Pyrrole

Preparation of conductive cotton fabrics, by polymerization of pyrrole in presence of FeCl3 as an oxidizing agent and tetraethylammonium p-toluene sulfonat (TEAp-TS) as a doping agent which in turn caused a reduction in the moisture regain of the substrate, resulted in production conductive cotton fabrics in laboratory scale. Factors affecting the properties of the fabrics were studied, such as ratio between FeCl3 and TEAp-TS and pyrrole concentration. Polypyrrole coated cotton fabrics were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. Resistivity, weight gain, color strength, tensile strength and elongation of the coated fabric with polypyrrol were monitored according to ASTM procedures. The results had shown that, the conductivity, weight gain, color strength, tensile strength and elongation increase by increasing FeCl3, TEAp-TS and pyrrole concentration. This is due to the increase of amount of the conductive polymer on the fabric surface. FeCl3 (0.25 M/L), TEAp-TS (0.125 M/L), pyrrole (0.3 M/L), temperature (25°C) and time (4 h) represented the most appropriate formulation for effecting polymerizing of pyrrole and anchoring on cotton fabrics.

新一代有机硅整理剂Magnasoft SilQ~在棉织物上吸附沉淀行为的研究(一)

季铵基团改性硅油,又称季铵硅油,近年来被作为柔软剂应用在纺织行业中。最近,迈图高新材料公司开发和推出了一款全新的持久型亲水季铵硅油——Magnasoft SilQ。就Magnasoft SilQ在棉织物吸附过程的动力学做了深入研究。先将Magnasoft SilQ用荧光标记,再用UV/VIS(紫外可见光谱)和ATR-IR(傅里叶变换衰减全反射红外光谱)等表征手段,对在不同温度和不同浓度下Magnasoft SilQ在棉织物上的吸附动力学进行了研究,并在此基础上建立了吸附模型。此外,借助荧光显微镜、EDX(X光能谱)、拉曼电镜等仪器,对Magnasoft SilQ在棉织物表面以及横截面的分布做了分析。最后,对Magnasoft SilQ被阴离子洗涤剂洗涤时的解吸附过程的动力学做了研究。

Synthesis of an eco-friendly nanocomposite fertilizer for common bean based on carbon nanoparticles from agricultural waste biochar

The burning of agricultural waste is a major cause of environmental pollution.In this study,we sought to prepare biochar from agricultural waste as a source material for the preparation of carbon nanoparticles(CNPs).Surface morphology,hydrodynamic particle size,and purity and crystallinity of CNPs were extensively investigated using transmission electron microscopy(TEM),zeta sizing,and X-ray diffraction(XRD)spectroscopy,respectively.The CNPs were subsequently immersed in a solution of potassium nitrate(KNO_(3))to prepare a CNPs/NK nanocomposite(CNPs loaded with nitrogen(N)and potassium(K))as a nanocomposite fertilizer for common bean(Phaseolus vulgaris L.).The CNPs/NK nanocomposite was sprayed as a foliar fertilizer at 0,10,20,30,and 40 mg L^(-1) on common bean plants 25 d after sowing on a farm in Shebin El-Kom,El-Monifia,Egypt.The growth,yield,and quality of common bean were investigated during two successive growing seasons(2017 and 2018).The highest seed yields of 2.04 and 2.01 t ha^(-1) and the highest values of growth parameters including plant height of 61.5 and 59.2 cm,number of leaves per plant of 35 and 35,number of flowers per plant of 83.3 and 82.7,and plant fresh weight of 148.7 and 152.8 g plant^(-1) were obtained when using the CNPs/NK nanocomposite at a concentration of 20 mg L^(-1) during the 2017 and 2018 growing seasons,respectively.