Extracellular vesicles(EVs)are tiny biological nanovesicles ranging from approximately 30–1000 nm in diameter that are released into the extracellular matrix of most cell types and in biofluids.The classification of ...Extracellular vesicles(EVs)are tiny biological nanovesicles ranging from approximately 30–1000 nm in diameter that are released into the extracellular matrix of most cell types and in biofluids.The classification of EVs includes exosomes,microvesicles,and apoptotic bodies,dependent on various factors such as size,markers,and biogenesis pathways.The transition of EV relevance from that of being assumed as a trash bag to be a key player in critical physiological and pathological conditions has been revolutionary in many ways.EVs have been recently revealed to play a crucial role in stem cell biology and cancer progression via intercellular communication,contributing to organ development and the progression of cancer.This review focuses on the significant research progress made so far in the role of the crosstalk between EVs and stem cells and their niche,and cellular communication among different germ layers in developmental biology.In addition,it discusses the role of EVs in cancer progression and their application as therapeutic agents or drug delivery vehicles.All such discoveries have been facilitated by tremendous technological advancements in EV-associated research,especially the microfluidics systems.Their pros and cons in the context of characterization of EVs are also extensively discussed in this review.This review also deliberates the role of EVs in normal cell processes and disease conditions,and their application as a diagnostic and therapeutic tool.Finally,we propose future perspectives for EV-related research in stem cell and cancer biology.展开更多
Tumor cells exhibit several metabolic abnormalities,such as uptake disorders of glucose and amino acids,increased nutrient consumption rates,use of glycolysis/tricarboxylic acid(TCA)cycle intermediates for biosynthesi...Tumor cells exhibit several metabolic abnormalities,such as uptake disorders of glucose and amino acids,increased nutrient consumption rates,use of glycolysis/tricarboxylic acid(TCA)cycle intermediates for biosynthesis and NADPH production,and increased demand for nitrogen sources[1].As an increasing understanding of cancer cell metabolism has been gained in recent years,the metabolic changes and molecular mechanisms associated with tumors in different tumor stages have been gradually revealed.展开更多
Cytosolic isocitrate dehydrogenase 1(IDH1)and its mitochondrial counterpart,IDH2,are critical TCA cycle enzymes that catalyze the oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate to produce alpha-ketoglutarate(a-KG).Mutations ...Cytosolic isocitrate dehydrogenase 1(IDH1)and its mitochondrial counterpart,IDH2,are critical TCA cycle enzymes that catalyze the oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate to produce alpha-ketoglutarate(a-KG).Mutations in IDH1/2 occur in∼80%of grade II-III gliomas and secondary glioblastomas,^(1–3) and in 10%to 20%of acute myeloid leukemia(AML).^(4–6) To date,all identified mutations in IDH1/2 are heterozygous,missense mutations,leading to the substitution of arginine 132 in IDH1 and arginine 172 or 140 in IDH2.展开更多
基金U.S.National Institute of Health(4R00CA226353-02 to H J.Chen)Hong Kong Health and Medical Research Fund(HMRF:No.:06172956 to Q.L)+1 种基金Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Fund(Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Centre,Grant No.:5001-4001010 to Q.L)Research Grants Council Theme-based Research Scheme(TRS:No.T12-703-19R to Q.L.).
文摘Extracellular vesicles(EVs)are tiny biological nanovesicles ranging from approximately 30–1000 nm in diameter that are released into the extracellular matrix of most cell types and in biofluids.The classification of EVs includes exosomes,microvesicles,and apoptotic bodies,dependent on various factors such as size,markers,and biogenesis pathways.The transition of EV relevance from that of being assumed as a trash bag to be a key player in critical physiological and pathological conditions has been revolutionary in many ways.EVs have been recently revealed to play a crucial role in stem cell biology and cancer progression via intercellular communication,contributing to organ development and the progression of cancer.This review focuses on the significant research progress made so far in the role of the crosstalk between EVs and stem cells and their niche,and cellular communication among different germ layers in developmental biology.In addition,it discusses the role of EVs in cancer progression and their application as therapeutic agents or drug delivery vehicles.All such discoveries have been facilitated by tremendous technological advancements in EV-associated research,especially the microfluidics systems.Their pros and cons in the context of characterization of EVs are also extensively discussed in this review.This review also deliberates the role of EVs in normal cell processes and disease conditions,and their application as a diagnostic and therapeutic tool.Finally,we propose future perspectives for EV-related research in stem cell and cancer biology.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(81974430)the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province(2019A1515012037)the National Heart,Lung,and Blood Institute,NIH,USA(5R00HL136924-03).
文摘Tumor cells exhibit several metabolic abnormalities,such as uptake disorders of glucose and amino acids,increased nutrient consumption rates,use of glycolysis/tricarboxylic acid(TCA)cycle intermediates for biosynthesis and NADPH production,and increased demand for nitrogen sources[1].As an increasing understanding of cancer cell metabolism has been gained in recent years,the metabolic changes and molecular mechanisms associated with tumors in different tumor stages have been gradually revealed.
文摘Cytosolic isocitrate dehydrogenase 1(IDH1)and its mitochondrial counterpart,IDH2,are critical TCA cycle enzymes that catalyze the oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate to produce alpha-ketoglutarate(a-KG).Mutations in IDH1/2 occur in∼80%of grade II-III gliomas and secondary glioblastomas,^(1–3) and in 10%to 20%of acute myeloid leukemia(AML).^(4–6) To date,all identified mutations in IDH1/2 are heterozygous,missense mutations,leading to the substitution of arginine 132 in IDH1 and arginine 172 or 140 in IDH2.
