Electric Vehicles Lithium-Polymer Ion Battery Dynamic Behaviour Charging Identification and Modelling Scheme

Lithium-ion batteries are considered the substantial electrical storage element for electric vehicles(EVs). The battery model is the basis of battery monitoring, efficient charging, and safety management. Non-linearmodelling is the key to representing the battery and its dynamic internal parameters and performance. This paperproposes a smart scheme to model the lithium-polymer ion battery while monitoring its present charging currentand terminal voltage at various ambient conditions (temperature and relative humidity). Firstly, the suggestedframework investigated the impact of temperature and relative humidity on the charging process using the constantcurrent-constant voltage (CC-CV) charging protocol. This will be followed by monitoring the battery at thesurrounding operating temperature and relative humidity. Hence, efficient non-linear modelling of the EV batterydynamic behaviour using the Hammerstein-Wiener (H-W) model is implemented. The H-W model is considered ablack box model that can represent the battery without any mathematical equivalent circuit model which reducesthe computation complexity. Finally, the model beholds the boundaries of the charging process, not affecting onthe lifetime of the battery. Several dynamic models are applied and tested experimentally to ensure theeffectiveness of the proposed scheme under various ambient conditions where the temperature is fixed at40°C and the relative humidity (RH) at 35%, 52%, and 70%. The best fit using the H-W model reached 91.83% todescribe the dynamic behaviour of the battery with a maximum percentage of error 0.1 V which is in goodagreement with the literature survey. Besides, the model has been scaled up to represent a real EV and expressedthe significance of the proposed H-W model.

Concircular π-Vector Fields and Special Finsler Spaces

The aim of the present paper is to investigate intrinsically the notion of a concircular π-vector field in Finsler geometry. This generalizes the concept of a concircular vector field in Riemannian geometry and the concept of concurrent vector field in Finsler geometry. Some properties of concircular π-vector fields are obtained. Different types of recurrence are discussed. The effect of the existence of a concircular π-vector field on some important special Finsler spaces is investigated. Almost all results obtained in this work are formulated in a coordinate-free form.

Modeling and Simulation for High Energy Sub-Nuclear Interactions Using Evolutionary Computation Technique

High energy sub-nuclear interactions are a good tool to dive deeply in the core of the particles to recognize their structures and the forces governed. The current article focuses on using one of the evolutionary computation techniques, the so-called genetic programming (GP), to model the hadron nucleus (h-A) interactions through discovering functions. In this article, GP is used to simulate the rapidity distribution of total charged, positive and negative pions for p--Ar and p--Xe interactions at 200 GeV/c and charged particles for p-pb collision at 5.02 TeV. We have done so many runs to select the best runs of the GP program and finally obtained the rapidity distribution as a function of the lab momentum , mass number (A) and the number of particles per unit solid angle (Y). In all cases studied, we compared our seven discovered functions produced by GP technique with the corresponding experimental data and the excellent matching was so clear.

Experimental Investigation of Upgraded Diesel Fuel with Copper Oxide Nanoparticles on Performance and Emissions Characteristics of Diesel Engine

The enhancement of the physicochemical characteristics of fossil fuel has been the subject of extensive research to achieve better efficiency and reduced emissions. Diesel is one of the fossil fuels that are highly consumed in daily life. This paper focuses on the behavior of a refined diesel fuel when copper oxide nanoparticles are added. The resulting blend ofnano-diesel has been analyzed using a four-stroke engine under two loads indicating light vehicles and heavy duty vehicles. The nano-diesel was prepared by the aid of an ultrasonicator and a mechanical homogenizer. A base diesel was taken as a reference to distinguish the effect of the nanoparticles additives. Three different samples with different concentrations are utilized in this study. As a result, the fuel consumption, exhaust temperature, brake power, power losses and engine efficiency have been evaluated and compared to the base diesel in order to demonstrate and access the enhanced performance of the nano-fuel blend. The three concentrations conducted were 100 ppm, 200 ppm and 300 ppm of copper oxide nanoparticles. The results represented that the pure refinery diesel has low exhaust temperatures, high brake power and high efficiency as compared to the commercial diesel supplied from a gas station. In addition, 300 ppm copper oxide nano-diesel showed improvement in engine performances as compared to the other concentrations and pure diesel. In this context, lowest fuel consumption for both passenger cars and heavy duty vehicles was achieved, brake power for passenger cars only was improved and input power showed improvement however, exhaust temperature was the highest as for this fuel.

Investigating the influence of the counter Si-cell on the optoelectronic performance of high-efficiency monolithically perovskites/silicon tandem cells under various optical sources

Nowadays,tandem structures have become a valuable competitor to conventional silicon solar cells,especially for perovskite over silicon,as metal halides surpassed Si with tunable bandgaps,high absorption coefficient,low deposition,and preparation costs.This led to a remarkable enhancement in the overall efficiency of the whole cell and its characteristics.Consequently,this expands the usage of photovoltaic technology in various fields of applications not only under conventional light source spectrum in outdoor areas,i.e.,AM1.5G,but also under artificial light sources found indoors with broadband intensity values,such as Internet of things(Io Ts)applications to name a few.We introduce a numerical model to analyze perovskite/Si tandem cells(PSSTCs)using both crystalline silicon(c-Si)and hydrogenated amorphous silicon(a-Si:H)experimentally validated as base cells.All proposed layers have been studied with J-V characteristics and energy band diagrams under AM1.5G by using SCAPS-1D software version_(3).7.7.Thereupon,the proposed architectures were tested under various artificial lighting spectra.The proposed structures of Li_(4)Ti_(5)O_(12)/CsPbCl_(3)/MAPbBr_(3)/CH_(3)NH_(3)PbI_(3)/Si recorded a maximum power conversion efficiency(PCE)of 25.25%for c-Si and 17.02%for a-Si:H,with nearly 7%enhancement concerning the Si bare cell in both cases.

Assessing the optoelectronic behavior of soiled silicon photovoltaic cell under harsh environmental conditions

In the current study,a monocrystalline Si photovoltaic(PV) cell was modeled using solar cell capacitance simulator(SCAPS) to demonstrate the optoelectronic performance of the cell under harsh environmental conditions.Harsh conditions are simulated in terms of wind speed and temperature fluctuations within the presence of a dust layer.All models are evaluated with respect to a bare model with no dust layer accumulated and operating under standard test conditions(STC).Accordingly,the PV under-test characteristics have been estimated under continuous wind speed and temperature variations.An interesting behavior for the cell operation under relatively high temperatures with an accumulated dust layer was observed.The short circuit current increased by 61.5% with decreasing open-circuit voltage by 47.3%,showing an overall positive trend for the power harvested.Such behavior contradicts the average temperature performance of cells without dust layer accumulation.A detailed justification is illustrated,where the heat transfer rate with dust accumulation highlighted an incremental increase concerning the bare cell by 14.57%.

Research and development of the back-end electronics for the two-dimensional improved resistive plate chambers in CMS upgrade

Purpose To complement and ensure redundancy in the endcap muon system of the Compact Muon Solenoid(CMS)detector and to extend the Resistive Plate Chamber(RPC)system coverage,improved RPCs(iRPCs)with either orthogonal layer strips with one-end electronics or single layer strips with two-end electronics providing more precise time measurement will be installed in the very forward pseudorapidity region of|η|<2.4.The iRPC readout system needs to support twodimensional(2D)or two-end readout.In addition,it must combine detector data with Timing,Trigger and fast Control(TTC)and Slow Control(SC)into one data stream over a bi-directional optical link with a line rate of 4.8 Gb/s between the Front-End Electronics(FEE)and the Back-End Electronics(BEE).To fulfill these requirements,a prototype BEE for the iRPC 2D chamber has been researched and designed.Methods A Micro-Telecommunication and Computing Architecture(μTCA)-based processing card was designed in this study to establish a prototype system together with aμTCA crate.The Giga-Bit Transceiver(GBT)protocol is integrated to provide bi-directional communication between the FEE and BEE.A server is connected with the BEE by a Gigabit Ethernet(GbE)link for SC and a 10-GbE link for Data AcQuisition(DAQ).Results The Bit Error Rate(BER)test of the back-end board and a joint test with the iRPC 2D prototype chamber were performed.ABERof less than 1.331×10−16 was obtained.The timemeasurement with a resolution of 3.05 nswas successfully realized,and detector efficiencies of 97.7%for longitudinal strips and 96.0%for orthogonal strips were measured.Test results demonstrate the correctness and reliability of the prototype BEE.Conclusion The BEE prototype satisfies the requirements for the iRPC 2D chamber,and it worked stably and reliably during a long-term joint test run.

Ion-acoustic waves at the night side of Titan's ionosphere:higher-order approximation

Nonlinear solitary waves are investigated for a plasma system at the night side of Titan's ionosphere.The plasma model consists of three positive ions,namely C2H5^+,HCNH^+,and C3H5^+,as well as Maxwellian electrons.The basic set of fluid equations is reduced to a Korteweg de-Vries(KdV)equation and linear inhomogeneous higher order KdV(LIHO-KdV)equation.The solitary wave solutions of both equations are obtained using a renormalization method.The solitary waves'existence region and the wave profile are investigated,and their dependences on the plasma parameters at the night side of Titan's ionosphere are examined.The solitary waves'phase velocities are subsonic or supersonic,and the propagating pulses are usually positive.The effect of higher-order corrections on the perturbation theory is investigated.It is found that the higher-order contribution makes the amplitude slightly taller,which is suitable for describing the solitary waves when the amplitude augments.