Imaging of the temporomandibular joint(TMJ) is continuously evolving with advancement of imaging technologies. Many different imaging modalities are currently used to evaluate the TMJ. Magnetic resonance imaging is co...Imaging of the temporomandibular joint(TMJ) is continuously evolving with advancement of imaging technologies. Many different imaging modalities are currently used to evaluate the TMJ. Magnetic resonance imaging is commonly used for evaluation of the TMJ due to its superior contrast resolution and its ability to acquire dynamic imaging for demonstration of the functionality of the joint. Computed tomography and ultrasound imaging have specific indication in imaging of the TMJ. This article focuses on state of the art imaging of the temporomandibular joint. Relevant normal anatomy and biomechanics of movement of the TMJ are discussed for better understanding of many TMJ pathologies. Imaging of internal derangements is discussed in detail. Different arthropathies and commontumors are also discussed in this article.展开更多
Purpose: To evaluate the short-term and intermediate-to long-term efficacy and safety of carotid artery stenting(CAS) compared with carotid endarterectomy(CEA). Materials and Methods: The published literature was elec...Purpose: To evaluate the short-term and intermediate-to long-term efficacy and safety of carotid artery stenting(CAS) compared with carotid endarterectomy(CEA). Materials and Methods: The published literature was electronically searched for randomized controlled trials(RCTs) between CAS and CEA for the treatment of carotid stenosis performed from January 2000 to January 2017. The short-term and intermediate-to long-term outcomes were evaluated. Results: We identified 10 RCTs including 7,183 participants with symptomatic or asymptomatic carotid stenosis. Our meta-analysis found different results between the patients with and those without symptoms. In patients with symptomatic carotid stenosis, the total stroke incidence in the CAS group was significantly higher than that in the CEA group within the 30-day periprocedural period(p<0.001); however, the myocardial infarction incidence in the CAS group was significantly lower than that in the CEA group(p<0.05). There was no significant difference between the two groups in the mortality within 30 days post-procedure, but the intermediate-to long-term incidence of stroke or death in the CAS group was higher than that of the CEA group(p<0.05). In contrast, for asymptomatic patients, there were no significant differences between the CAS and CEA groups in the short-and intermediate-to long-term outcomes. Conclusion: For patients with symptomatic carotid stenosis, CEA is associated with an increased risk of myocardial infarction, whereas CAS is correlated with an increased risk of procedurally related strokes. However, for patients with asymptomatic carotid stenosis, no significant difference was found in the efficacy or safety between CAS and CEA.展开更多
Segmentation of intracranial aneurysm images acquired using magnetic resonance angiography(MRA)is essential for medical auxiliary treatments,which can effectively prevent subarachnoid hemorrhages.This paper proposes a...Segmentation of intracranial aneurysm images acquired using magnetic resonance angiography(MRA)is essential for medical auxiliary treatments,which can effectively prevent subarachnoid hemorrhages.This paper proposes an image segmentation model based on a dense convolutional attention U-Net,which fuses deep and rich semantic information with shallow-detail information for adaptive and accurate segmentation of MRA-acquired aneurysm images with large size differences.The U-Net model serves as a backbone,combining dense block and convolution block attention module(CBAM).The dense block is composed of a batch normalization layer,an randomly rectified linear unit activation function,and a convolutional layer,for mitigation of vanishing gradients,for multiplexing of aneurysm features,and for improving the network training efficiency.The CBAM is composed of a channel attention module and a spatial attention module,improving the segmentation performance of feature discrimination and enhancing the acquisition of key feature information.Owing to the large variation of aneurysm sizes,multi-scale fusion is performed during up-sampling,for adaptive segmentation of MRA-acquired aneurysm images.The model was tested on the MICCAI 2020 ADAM dataset,and its generalizability was validated on the clinical aneurysm dataset(aneurysm sizes:<3 mm,3–7 mm,and>7 mm)supplied by the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University.A good clinical application segmentation performance was demonstrated.展开更多
Purpose: To analyze the miRNA expression profiles in C57 mice ageing hippocampus in detail, and investigate the functional information of these hippocampus specific miRNAs and the related regulatory networks. Methods:...Purpose: To analyze the miRNA expression profiles in C57 mice ageing hippocampus in detail, and investigate the functional information of these hippocampus specific miRNAs and the related regulatory networks. Methods: Microarrays were used to analyze miRNA expression profiles in adult and aged hippocampi, and bioinformatics analysis methods, such as three public datasets (Mirbase, Miranda, and Mirdb), DAVID online tools and KEGG pathway tools were used to study in detail the target genes of the differentially expressed miRNAs. Results: 26 differentially expressed miRNAs were identified by greater than 1.5-fold change (intersection of two sets), of which 16 were up-regulated and 10 were down-regulated. DAVID Functional Annotation Cluster (FAC) analysis of the 132 predicted target genes of up-regulated miRNAs revealed confident enrichment scores for synaptic function and apoptosis etc. (Figure 1), indicating the functional significance and importance of these miRNAs during hippocampal ageing. Conclusions: Bioinformatic analyses of the differentially expressed miRNAs have identified a number of miRNAs with putative involvement in the hippocampus ageing process. This study lays a solid foundation for further studies to clarify the important regulation function of miRNAs in ageing process of brain tissue.展开更多
Texture features have played an essential role in the field of medical imaging for computer-aided diagnosis.The gray-level co-occurrence matrix(GLCM)-based texture descriptor has emerged to become one of the most succ...Texture features have played an essential role in the field of medical imaging for computer-aided diagnosis.The gray-level co-occurrence matrix(GLCM)-based texture descriptor has emerged to become one of the most successful feature sets for these applications.This study aims to increase the potential of these features by introducing multi-scale analysis into the construction of GLCM texture descriptor.In this study,we first introduce a new parameter-stride,to explore the definition of GLCM.Then we propose three multi-scaling GLCM models according to its three parameters,(1)learning model by multiple displacements,(2)learning model by multiple strides(LMS),and(3)learning model by multiple angles.These models increase the texture information by introducing more texture patterns and mitigate direction sparsity and dense sampling problems presented in the traditional Haralick model.To further analyze the three parameters,we test the three models by performing classification on a dataset of 63 large polyp masses obtained from computed tomography colonoscopy consisting of 32 adenocarcinomas and 31 benign adenomas.Finally,the proposed methods are compared to several typical GLCM-texture descriptors and one deep learning model.LMS obtains the highest performance and enhances the prediction power to 0.9450 with standard deviation 0.0285 by area under the curve of receiver operating characteristics score which is a significant improvement.展开更多
Endometriosis is defined as the presence of endometrial tissue that is located outside the uterine cavity, associated with fibrosis and inflammatory reaction. The most common atypical locations are the gastrointestina...Endometriosis is defined as the presence of endometrial tissue that is located outside the uterine cavity, associated with fibrosis and inflammatory reaction. The most common atypical locations are the gastrointestinal tract, urinary tract, lung, as well as abdominal surgical scars. Its diagnosis is still very difficult, especially when it manifests itself as an acute large bowel obstruction. We report the rare case of a 41-year-old patient diagnosed with acute colonic obstruction following a rectal tumor. She had undergone colonostomy even though colonoscopy biopsies were nonspecific, and a computed tomography (CT) scan was requested. It showed an adnexal heterogenous mass, therefore the patient had a laparotomy and a subtotal hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy and a biopsy of the recto-colonic hinge. Histologic examination revealed a diagnosis of rectal endometriosis. The purpose of this work is to report a rare case of colonic endometriosis responsible for an acute large bowel obstruction.展开更多
Purpose: The present study aimed to assess the accuracies of arterial stimulation with simultaneous venous sampling(ASVS) in preoperative localization of insulinomas. Materials and Methods: A cohort consisting of 6 ma...Purpose: The present study aimed to assess the accuracies of arterial stimulation with simultaneous venous sampling(ASVS) in preoperative localization of insulinomas. Materials and Methods: A cohort consisting of 6 males and 14 females(median age, 48.5y; range, 28–62y) with pathologically proven insulinomas were included in this study. Selective angiographies were performed with the superior mesenteric artery(SMA), gastroduodenal artery(GDA), proximal splenic artery, and midsplenic artery in all individuals. Then ASVS procedures were followed after angiographies for these arteries. Clinical characteristics of the patient and the tumor number, location, and size were recorded. The accuracy of preoperative localization of insulinomas was tested. Results: A total of 22 tumors were identified by histopathological diagnosis. The mean size of the tumor was 1.40±0.60 cm. Five tumors were in the head/neck region and 17 in the body/tail region. ASVS accurately localized 17/20(85%) cases with only biochemical data and 19/20(95%) cases with biochemical data and angiography images. Variant pancreatic arterial anatomy was revealed in 2 false cases with inferior pancreatic artery replaced by the superior mesenteric artery. Conclusion: ASVS was highly accurate in localizing insulinomas and should be performed in most of the patients with suspected insulinomas before the operation.展开更多
Background: Left ventricular(LV) thrombus is a frequent and potentially dangerous complication of ischemic heart disease(IHD). We evaluated the clinical, imaging, and pathology characteristics of confirmed LV thrombus...Background: Left ventricular(LV) thrombus is a frequent and potentially dangerous complication of ischemic heart disease(IHD). We evaluated the clinical, imaging, and pathology characteristics of confirmed LV thrombus and compared the diagnostic value of contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging(MRI) with transthoracic(TTE) and transesophageal echocardiography(TEE) for the diagnosis of LV thrombi. Methods: Between November 1997 and December 2003, 361 patients with IHD had surgical and/or pathological confirmation of presence or absence of LV thrombus. Clinical information and preoperative imaging study reports were retrospectively reviewed regarding detection of thrombus. Comparisons were made between clinical and imaging characteristics of patients with and without confirmed thrombus. Results: Left ventricular thrombus was present in 106(29%) of 361 patients in this study. Patients with thrombus had a higher incidence of recent embolic events(6.1%vs 0.8%, P< .005). In 160 patients with all 3 imaging modalities performed within 30 days of surgical or pathological confirmation, contrast-enhanced MRI showed the highest sensitivity and specificity(88%±9%and 99%±2%, respectively) compared with TTE(23%±12%and 96%±3.6%, respectively) and TEE(40%±14%and 96%±3.6%, respectively) for thrombus detection. Conclusions: Left ventricular thrombus occurs frequently in patients with IHD and is associated with risk of systemic embolization. Contrast-enhanced MRI provided the highest sensitivity and specificity for LV thrombus when compared to TTE and TEE, and should be considered in the care of patients at high risk of LV thrombus formation.展开更多
OBJECTIVE: To characterize the clinical and radiographic findings in patients with pylephlebitis and liver abscess with an emphasis on the findings that help to differentiate this disorder from portal vein occlusion a...OBJECTIVE: To characterize the clinical and radiographic findings in patients with pylephlebitis and liver abscess with an emphasis on the findings that help to differentiate this disorder from portal vein occlusion associated with hepatocellular carcinoma. METHODS: We analyzed the clinical findings and radiographic images of four patients with pylephlebitis and liver abscess(es) who had been misdiagnosed as having hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein thrombosis. Their medical records were reviewed in terms of clinical presentation, physical findings, laboratory data, treatment, and follow up. RESULTS: All patients undergoing color duplex ultrasonography had an echogenic thrombus within an expanded portal vein with negative color-flow findings within the thrombus. Contrast enhanced CT in all the patients demonstrated portal vein thrombosis associated with 'liver masses'. An intra-abdominal site of infection responsible for the subsequent ascending infection of the portal vein and liver was not identified in any patient on initial CT scan. At presentation, all patients were febrile and three of them had an elevated white blood cell count as well. All patients showed abnormalities of liver function. CONCLUSIONS: Liver abscess(es) associated with pylephlebitis may mimic hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein thrombosis. Clinical features that help to distinguish the two entities include presence or absence of fever, elevated white blood cell count, elevated alpha-fetoprotein, cirrhosis, and risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma.展开更多
We study the feasibility and safety of human lung hyperpolarized（HP）^（129）Xe magnetic resonance imaging（MRI）.There is no significant change in physiological parameters before and after the examinations of all su...We study the feasibility and safety of human lung hyperpolarized（HP）^（129）Xe magnetic resonance imaging（MRI）.There is no significant change in physiological parameters before and after the examinations of all subjects.Compared with computed tomography, HP^（129）Xe MRI is sensitive to earlier and smaller ventilation defects. The distribution of the HP^（129）Xe MRI signal reflects the pulmonary compliance with the gravity gradient. This is the first application of HP^（129）Xe MRI ventilation imaging in China, and this technology is expected to provide more useful information for clinical practice.展开更多
Dear Editor, Most prostatic neoplasms are epithelial in origin. Non-epithelial prostatic neoplasms are quite rare, but they cover a broad array of types that include neuroendocrine tumors, mesenchymal tumors, hematol...Dear Editor, Most prostatic neoplasms are epithelial in origin. Non-epithelial prostatic neoplasms are quite rare, but they cover a broad array of types that include neuroendocrine tumors, mesenchymal tumors, hematolyrnphoid tumors, miscellaneous tumors, etc.展开更多
文摘Imaging of the temporomandibular joint(TMJ) is continuously evolving with advancement of imaging technologies. Many different imaging modalities are currently used to evaluate the TMJ. Magnetic resonance imaging is commonly used for evaluation of the TMJ due to its superior contrast resolution and its ability to acquire dynamic imaging for demonstration of the functionality of the joint. Computed tomography and ultrasound imaging have specific indication in imaging of the TMJ. This article focuses on state of the art imaging of the temporomandibular joint. Relevant normal anatomy and biomechanics of movement of the TMJ are discussed for better understanding of many TMJ pathologies. Imaging of internal derangements is discussed in detail. Different arthropathies and commontumors are also discussed in this article.
基金This work was supported by grant from the National Science Foundation of China(No.81371662 and No.81601578)
文摘Purpose: To evaluate the short-term and intermediate-to long-term efficacy and safety of carotid artery stenting(CAS) compared with carotid endarterectomy(CEA). Materials and Methods: The published literature was electronically searched for randomized controlled trials(RCTs) between CAS and CEA for the treatment of carotid stenosis performed from January 2000 to January 2017. The short-term and intermediate-to long-term outcomes were evaluated. Results: We identified 10 RCTs including 7,183 participants with symptomatic or asymptomatic carotid stenosis. Our meta-analysis found different results between the patients with and those without symptoms. In patients with symptomatic carotid stenosis, the total stroke incidence in the CAS group was significantly higher than that in the CEA group within the 30-day periprocedural period(p<0.001); however, the myocardial infarction incidence in the CAS group was significantly lower than that in the CEA group(p<0.05). There was no significant difference between the two groups in the mortality within 30 days post-procedure, but the intermediate-to long-term incidence of stroke or death in the CAS group was higher than that of the CEA group(p<0.05). In contrast, for asymptomatic patients, there were no significant differences between the CAS and CEA groups in the short-and intermediate-to long-term outcomes. Conclusion: For patients with symptomatic carotid stenosis, CEA is associated with an increased risk of myocardial infarction, whereas CAS is correlated with an increased risk of procedurally related strokes. However, for patients with asymptomatic carotid stenosis, no significant difference was found in the efficacy or safety between CAS and CEA.
基金This study was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.61976126the Shandong Nature Science Foundation of China,No.ZR2019MF003.
文摘Segmentation of intracranial aneurysm images acquired using magnetic resonance angiography(MRA)is essential for medical auxiliary treatments,which can effectively prevent subarachnoid hemorrhages.This paper proposes an image segmentation model based on a dense convolutional attention U-Net,which fuses deep and rich semantic information with shallow-detail information for adaptive and accurate segmentation of MRA-acquired aneurysm images with large size differences.The U-Net model serves as a backbone,combining dense block and convolution block attention module(CBAM).The dense block is composed of a batch normalization layer,an randomly rectified linear unit activation function,and a convolutional layer,for mitigation of vanishing gradients,for multiplexing of aneurysm features,and for improving the network training efficiency.The CBAM is composed of a channel attention module and a spatial attention module,improving the segmentation performance of feature discrimination and enhancing the acquisition of key feature information.Owing to the large variation of aneurysm sizes,multi-scale fusion is performed during up-sampling,for adaptive segmentation of MRA-acquired aneurysm images.The model was tested on the MICCAI 2020 ADAM dataset,and its generalizability was validated on the clinical aneurysm dataset(aneurysm sizes:<3 mm,3–7 mm,and>7 mm)supplied by the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University.A good clinical application segmentation performance was demonstrated.
文摘Purpose: To analyze the miRNA expression profiles in C57 mice ageing hippocampus in detail, and investigate the functional information of these hippocampus specific miRNAs and the related regulatory networks. Methods: Microarrays were used to analyze miRNA expression profiles in adult and aged hippocampi, and bioinformatics analysis methods, such as three public datasets (Mirbase, Miranda, and Mirdb), DAVID online tools and KEGG pathway tools were used to study in detail the target genes of the differentially expressed miRNAs. Results: 26 differentially expressed miRNAs were identified by greater than 1.5-fold change (intersection of two sets), of which 16 were up-regulated and 10 were down-regulated. DAVID Functional Annotation Cluster (FAC) analysis of the 132 predicted target genes of up-regulated miRNAs revealed confident enrichment scores for synaptic function and apoptosis etc. (Figure 1), indicating the functional significance and importance of these miRNAs during hippocampal ageing. Conclusions: Bioinformatic analyses of the differentially expressed miRNAs have identified a number of miRNAs with putative involvement in the hippocampus ageing process. This study lays a solid foundation for further studies to clarify the important regulation function of miRNAs in ageing process of brain tissue.
基金This work was supported by the NIH/NCI,No.CA206171.
文摘Texture features have played an essential role in the field of medical imaging for computer-aided diagnosis.The gray-level co-occurrence matrix(GLCM)-based texture descriptor has emerged to become one of the most successful feature sets for these applications.This study aims to increase the potential of these features by introducing multi-scale analysis into the construction of GLCM texture descriptor.In this study,we first introduce a new parameter-stride,to explore the definition of GLCM.Then we propose three multi-scaling GLCM models according to its three parameters,(1)learning model by multiple displacements,(2)learning model by multiple strides(LMS),and(3)learning model by multiple angles.These models increase the texture information by introducing more texture patterns and mitigate direction sparsity and dense sampling problems presented in the traditional Haralick model.To further analyze the three parameters,we test the three models by performing classification on a dataset of 63 large polyp masses obtained from computed tomography colonoscopy consisting of 32 adenocarcinomas and 31 benign adenomas.Finally,the proposed methods are compared to several typical GLCM-texture descriptors and one deep learning model.LMS obtains the highest performance and enhances the prediction power to 0.9450 with standard deviation 0.0285 by area under the curve of receiver operating characteristics score which is a significant improvement.
文摘Endometriosis is defined as the presence of endometrial tissue that is located outside the uterine cavity, associated with fibrosis and inflammatory reaction. The most common atypical locations are the gastrointestinal tract, urinary tract, lung, as well as abdominal surgical scars. Its diagnosis is still very difficult, especially when it manifests itself as an acute large bowel obstruction. We report the rare case of a 41-year-old patient diagnosed with acute colonic obstruction following a rectal tumor. She had undergone colonostomy even though colonoscopy biopsies were nonspecific, and a computed tomography (CT) scan was requested. It showed an adnexal heterogenous mass, therefore the patient had a laparotomy and a subtotal hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy and a biopsy of the recto-colonic hinge. Histologic examination revealed a diagnosis of rectal endometriosis. The purpose of this work is to report a rare case of colonic endometriosis responsible for an acute large bowel obstruction.
基金This work was supported by the Shanghai Pujiang Program(16PJ1406200)the Scientific Research Innovation Projects of Shanghai Municipal Education Commission(15ZZ060)
文摘Purpose: The present study aimed to assess the accuracies of arterial stimulation with simultaneous venous sampling(ASVS) in preoperative localization of insulinomas. Materials and Methods: A cohort consisting of 6 males and 14 females(median age, 48.5y; range, 28–62y) with pathologically proven insulinomas were included in this study. Selective angiographies were performed with the superior mesenteric artery(SMA), gastroduodenal artery(GDA), proximal splenic artery, and midsplenic artery in all individuals. Then ASVS procedures were followed after angiographies for these arteries. Clinical characteristics of the patient and the tumor number, location, and size were recorded. The accuracy of preoperative localization of insulinomas was tested. Results: A total of 22 tumors were identified by histopathological diagnosis. The mean size of the tumor was 1.40±0.60 cm. Five tumors were in the head/neck region and 17 in the body/tail region. ASVS accurately localized 17/20(85%) cases with only biochemical data and 19/20(95%) cases with biochemical data and angiography images. Variant pancreatic arterial anatomy was revealed in 2 false cases with inferior pancreatic artery replaced by the superior mesenteric artery. Conclusion: ASVS was highly accurate in localizing insulinomas and should be performed in most of the patients with suspected insulinomas before the operation.
文摘Background: Left ventricular(LV) thrombus is a frequent and potentially dangerous complication of ischemic heart disease(IHD). We evaluated the clinical, imaging, and pathology characteristics of confirmed LV thrombus and compared the diagnostic value of contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging(MRI) with transthoracic(TTE) and transesophageal echocardiography(TEE) for the diagnosis of LV thrombi. Methods: Between November 1997 and December 2003, 361 patients with IHD had surgical and/or pathological confirmation of presence or absence of LV thrombus. Clinical information and preoperative imaging study reports were retrospectively reviewed regarding detection of thrombus. Comparisons were made between clinical and imaging characteristics of patients with and without confirmed thrombus. Results: Left ventricular thrombus was present in 106(29%) of 361 patients in this study. Patients with thrombus had a higher incidence of recent embolic events(6.1%vs 0.8%, P< .005). In 160 patients with all 3 imaging modalities performed within 30 days of surgical or pathological confirmation, contrast-enhanced MRI showed the highest sensitivity and specificity(88%±9%and 99%±2%, respectively) compared with TTE(23%±12%and 96%±3.6%, respectively) and TEE(40%±14%and 96%±3.6%, respectively) for thrombus detection. Conclusions: Left ventricular thrombus occurs frequently in patients with IHD and is associated with risk of systemic embolization. Contrast-enhanced MRI provided the highest sensitivity and specificity for LV thrombus when compared to TTE and TEE, and should be considered in the care of patients at high risk of LV thrombus formation.
文摘OBJECTIVE: To characterize the clinical and radiographic findings in patients with pylephlebitis and liver abscess with an emphasis on the findings that help to differentiate this disorder from portal vein occlusion associated with hepatocellular carcinoma. METHODS: We analyzed the clinical findings and radiographic images of four patients with pylephlebitis and liver abscess(es) who had been misdiagnosed as having hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein thrombosis. Their medical records were reviewed in terms of clinical presentation, physical findings, laboratory data, treatment, and follow up. RESULTS: All patients undergoing color duplex ultrasonography had an echogenic thrombus within an expanded portal vein with negative color-flow findings within the thrombus. Contrast enhanced CT in all the patients demonstrated portal vein thrombosis associated with 'liver masses'. An intra-abdominal site of infection responsible for the subsequent ascending infection of the portal vein and liver was not identified in any patient on initial CT scan. At presentation, all patients were febrile and three of them had an elevated white blood cell count as well. All patients showed abnormalities of liver function. CONCLUSIONS: Liver abscess(es) associated with pylephlebitis may mimic hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein thrombosis. Clinical features that help to distinguish the two entities include presence or absence of fever, elevated white blood cell count, elevated alpha-fetoprotein, cirrhosis, and risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos 81227902 and 81625011the National Key Research and Development Program of China under Grant No 2016YFC1304702the Key Research Program of Frontier Sciences of CAS(QYZDY-SSW-SLH018)
文摘We study the feasibility and safety of human lung hyperpolarized（HP）^（129）Xe magnetic resonance imaging（MRI）.There is no significant change in physiological parameters before and after the examinations of all subjects.Compared with computed tomography, HP^（129）Xe MRI is sensitive to earlier and smaller ventilation defects. The distribution of the HP^（129）Xe MRI signal reflects the pulmonary compliance with the gravity gradient. This is the first application of HP^（129）Xe MRI ventilation imaging in China, and this technology is expected to provide more useful information for clinical practice.
基金This study was supported by the grant from the National Natural Science Foundation of China （No. 81671656, 81171307）.
文摘Dear Editor, Most prostatic neoplasms are epithelial in origin. Non-epithelial prostatic neoplasms are quite rare, but they cover a broad array of types that include neuroendocrine tumors, mesenchymal tumors, hematolyrnphoid tumors, miscellaneous tumors, etc.
