Understanding foraging strategies of birds is essential to understanding mechanisms of their community assembly. To provide such information on a key Southeast Asian rainforest family, the babblers （Timaliidae）, we ...Understanding foraging strategies of birds is essential to understanding mechanisms of their community assembly. To provide such information on a key Southeast Asian rainforest family, the babblers （Timaliidae）, we evaluated foraging behavior and abundance in 7 morphologically and behaviorally similar sympatric species （Cyanoderma erythropterum, C. rufifrons, Stachyris maculata, S. nigricollis, S. poliocephala, Macronus ptilosus, and Mixornis gularis） in 5 habitats defined by structural complexity： （1） continuous native rainforest, （2） logged native rainforest fragments, （3） mature industrial tree plantation, （4） young industrial plantation, and （5） oil palm plantation. Enough data were obtained to compare abundance in all 7 species and foraging behavior in 5. All species were common in forest fragments and mature industrial tree plantations and less so in continuous rainforest and young industrial plantations; only M. gularis occurred in oil palm. In terms of foraging, M. gularis was the greatest generalist; C. rufifrons foraged mainly on live leaves in the forest midstory; and S. maculata, C. eryth- ropterum, and M. ptilosus foraged mainly on dead leaves suspended in understory vegetation at sig- nificantly different heights. The dead-leaf substrate depends on a rich supply of falling leaves and ex- tensive understory structure, conditions most common in native forest and old industrial plantations, and less so in mature forest, young plantations, and oil palm. Because of the importance of foraging data to understanding and managing biodiversity, we encourage the development of foraging fields in eBird （ebird.org）, so that birdwatchers may help collect these relatively rare data.展开更多
Dear editor,Polymorphism refers to two or more clearly different phenotypes coexisting in the population of a species. It has been observed and studied among ants, bees, wasps, termites,dung beetles and stag beetles (...Dear editor,Polymorphism refers to two or more clearly different phenotypes coexisting in the population of a species. It has been observed and studied among ants, bees, wasps, termites,dung beetles and stag beetles (Trible and Kronauer, 2017;Zhao et al., 2019). Size and shape variation of these holometabolic insects, especially ants, usually happen in larval development rather than adult stage.展开更多
文摘Understanding foraging strategies of birds is essential to understanding mechanisms of their community assembly. To provide such information on a key Southeast Asian rainforest family, the babblers （Timaliidae）, we evaluated foraging behavior and abundance in 7 morphologically and behaviorally similar sympatric species （Cyanoderma erythropterum, C. rufifrons, Stachyris maculata, S. nigricollis, S. poliocephala, Macronus ptilosus, and Mixornis gularis） in 5 habitats defined by structural complexity： （1） continuous native rainforest, （2） logged native rainforest fragments, （3） mature industrial tree plantation, （4） young industrial plantation, and （5） oil palm plantation. Enough data were obtained to compare abundance in all 7 species and foraging behavior in 5. All species were common in forest fragments and mature industrial tree plantations and less so in continuous rainforest and young industrial plantations; only M. gularis occurred in oil palm. In terms of foraging, M. gularis was the greatest generalist; C. rufifrons foraged mainly on live leaves in the forest midstory; and S. maculata, C. eryth- ropterum, and M. ptilosus foraged mainly on dead leaves suspended in understory vegetation at sig- nificantly different heights. The dead-leaf substrate depends on a rich supply of falling leaves and ex- tensive understory structure, conditions most common in native forest and old industrial plantations, and less so in mature forest, young plantations, and oil palm. Because of the importance of foraging data to understanding and managing biodiversity, we encourage the development of foraging fields in eBird （ebird.org）, so that birdwatchers may help collect these relatively rare data.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31730087, 41688103 and 31872277)the Program for Changjiang Scholars and Innovative Research Team in University (IRT-17R75)+1 种基金the Support Project of High-level Teachers in Beijing Municipal Universities in the Period of 13th Five-year Plan (IDHT20180518)the Beijing Natural Science Foundation (5182004)。
文摘Dear editor,Polymorphism refers to two or more clearly different phenotypes coexisting in the population of a species. It has been observed and studied among ants, bees, wasps, termites,dung beetles and stag beetles (Trible and Kronauer, 2017;Zhao et al., 2019). Size and shape variation of these holometabolic insects, especially ants, usually happen in larval development rather than adult stage.
