Development of Ice Cover in Water Areas during Methane

In traditional hydrometeorology and ice physics, when analyzing the development of ice, only degree-days of frost are taken into account. Despite the presence of pores in the ice formed during inhomogeneous crystallization and dynamic loads, ice is universally considered monolithic. Situations where ice cannot withstand design loads in frosty conditions are academically inexplicable, although it is common knowledge, for example, porous ice in reeds. Proof of methane accumulations under the ice-fountains of fire over holes in swampy waters. “Culprit” is methane. Methanotrophic microorganisms, structurally and functionally specialize in using it as a source of carbon and energy, and turn monolithic ice into porous, practically without changing its thickness. When rushing, dark products of methanotrophy and detritus raised by gas bubbles appear on the surface of the ice. The albedo of the ice surface decreases, contributing to its melting and the formation of dilutions. The early melting of ice in dilutions and their transformation into vast wormwood is due to methanotrophy products and seismogenic small detritus, which gravitationally slowly settling out of the cold photic layer, thinning it, contributes to an additional insolation warm-up of 2°C ÷ 3°C, freeing the waters from ice months earlier than normal.

Realization and Protection of Right to Development after Victory of World War Ⅱ

This year marks the 70 th anniversary of the anti-Fascist war, and the right to development is also born during the war. In other words, the right to development is a product of the struggle of developing countries to break the old international order. Therefore, to study the right to development is of profound and realistic significance for human rights protection. The author will start from the meaning of the right to development, trace the course of its formation and evolution, and then by taking history as a mirror, discuss the realization and protection of the right to development, propose some relevant suggestions, so as to promote the development of a new international order and meet the new requirements of globalization.

Cross-Cultural Exchange of Human Rights: Crossing Divides or Crossing Swords?

This paper explores the basic framework for cross-cultural dialogue on human rights. Such dialogue implicates differing understandings of the content of human rights as well as differing interpretation of the concept of human rights itself. The challenges confronting the universality of human rights arguably stem from people's fear of radical individualism, secular fundamentalism and political radicalism. While the universality of human rights should not be denied, cognizance must be taken as well of the gap between theory and practice during the realization of those rights and the selectivity pertaining to such realization. Dogmatism and uncompromising ideological stances is an obstacle to dialogues and cross-cultural exchanges on human rights.

CORPORATE GOVERNANCE FROM A COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVE COMMUNICATION STRATEGIES ON SOCIAL CORPORATE RESPONSIBILITY： THE ROLE OF FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION

The political and the economic spheres increasingly overlap. Consumption is viewed not only as an economic act, but also as an act of political and moral significance. Due to the blurring of the commercial and the political spheres, consumers use their purchasing power as a carrot and a stick for corporations to comply with corporate social responsibility （CSR） standards. As a consequence, corporate communication strategies tend to highlight commitment to CSR standards, portraying companies as ＂＇good corporate citizens.＂ Conversely, other stakeholders expose unethical business practices so as to induce corporate change. Both sides tend to invoke freedom of expression with a view to opposing limitations on their communication strategies. Taking two well-known examples as a starting point, the present article explores the role of freedom of expression as a means to incite corporate actors to both adopt and comply with CSR standards from a comparative perspective. Using an economic framework, it argues that non-commercial expression critical of corporate practices deserves a higher level of protection than corporate communication strategies.

How Whole-Process People's Democracy Works

The world features different types of democracy,with the concept rooted in the history,tradition and culture of each country.But how can we evaluate whether a country's political system is,in fact,democratic?Democracy must give people the opportunity to participate in the process of their country's development.It must be effective and change people's lives for the better.Also,the people should be the judges of their own political systems.

A New Legal Era

The Fifth Session of the 13th National People’s Congress (NPC) and the Fifth Session of the 13th National Committee of the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference took place at a time of increased uncertainty regarding the future of the international order.Since the 2008 financial crisis,which had the U.S.as its epicenter,China has been preparing for more challenging scenarios at the global and domestic levels.

中国与欧盟产品责任法律规范比较研究（英文）

现代商品的产销过程变得非常复杂,乃至于产品的缺陷及其责任难以锁定。如何通过规范产品责任而保护消费者的权益成为近几十年备受关注的问题。在欧盟范围,有关产品责任指令统一调整并确立了缺陷产品致害的严格责任原则,迄今积累了丰富的司法见解及学术研究成果。相比之下,中国对于产品责任系统性立法、司法和学术研究起步较晚,有关制度应对产品责任纠纷的法律依据交错繁杂,往往需要诉诸不同法规一并解读释法,存在诸多不足之处,亟待完善。本文运用比较研究、案例分析、法律解释等方法,试图对两大体制下的产品责任规范进行深入系统地评析,?以期能对完善现有制度有所启发。

中国贩毒团伙的组织特征和犯罪模式（英文）

目前,我国对于贩毒团伙的组织结构和犯罪模式的研究十分有限,本文试图弥补这个领域的不足。通过对中国若干省份高级人民法院和中级人民法院宣判的144个贩毒团伙的关系网进行分析,发现中国大多数贩毒团伙都是小规模的,而且没有严格的等级架构。研究结果表明,贩毒团伙的贩毒活动与该团伙的组织特征具特定的关联性。具体而言,贩毒团伙成员的居住国家密度与该贩毒团伙是否从事跨境毒品走私相关;贩毒团伙成员教育水平的差异与犯罪数量正相关;贩毒团伙里男性的密度及就业率的高低与犯罪数量负相关。另外,罪犯来自不同省份或国家的团伙贩卖毒品的数量多于罪犯来自同一地理位置的团伙。