Differential diagnosis of multiple primary lung cancers and intra-lung metastasis of lung cancer by multiple gene detection

A global trend towards greater health awareness with a resulting reduction in smoking has contributed to the improved control and early detection of lung cancer.[1]Furthermore,developments in diagnostic technologies have enhanced the detection of multifocal lung cancer,characterized by multiple cancerous lesions.Multifocal lung cancer can be divided into multiple primary lung cancer(MPLC)and pulmonary metastasis-associated lung cancer intrapulmonary metastases(IM)according to the types of lesions.The differential diagnosis of MPLC and IM is clinically important because of the direct impacts on tumor-node-metastasis staging and the implications for the treatment of lung cancer.The diagnostic criteria for MPLC were first proposed by Martini and Melamed in 1975[2]and were subsequently revised and supplemented by the American College of Chest Physicians(ACCP)in 2003.[3]These ACCP standards currently provide the main diagnostic criteria for the clinical differential diagnosis of MPLC and IM.MPLC and IM differ in terms of their clonal origins,which could provide a useful basis for multi-gene detection to assist the diagnosis of multifocal lung cancer.

LncRNA LINC00525 suppresses p21 expression viamRNA decay and triplex-mediated changes in chromatin structure in lung adenocarcinoma

Background:Emerging evidence suggests that long noncoding RNAs(lncRNAs)play crucial roles in various cancers.In the present study,we aim to investigate the function and molecular mechanism of an up-regulated and survivalassociated lncRNA,LINC00525,in lung adenocarcinoma(LUAD).Methods:The expression level of LINC00525 in tissueswas determined by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction(RT-qPCR)and in situ hybridization(ISH).The functional role of LINC00525 in LUAD was investigated using gain-and loss-of-function approaches,both in vivo and in vitro.RNA pull-down,RNA immunoprecipitation(RIP),chromatin immunoprecipitation(ChIP),triplex-capture assay,dual-luciferase assay,gene expression microarray,and bioinformatics analysis were used to investigate the potential underlying mechanisms involved.Results:LINC00525 is highly expressed in LUAD cells and tissues.Survival analysis indicated that upregulation of LINC00525 was associated with poor prognosis in patients with LUAD patients.Knockdown of LINC00525 inhibited cell proliferation and cell cycle progression in vitro.In xenograft models,LINC00525 knockdown suppressed tumor growth and tumorigenesis of tumorbearing mice.Mechanistically,LINC00525 epigenetically suppressed p21 transcription by guiding Enhancer Of Zeste 2 Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 Subunit(EZH2)to the p21 promoter through an formation of RNA-DNA triplex with the p21 promoter,leading to increased trimethylation of lysine 27 on histone 3(H3K27me3)of the p21 promoter.In addition,LINC00525 repressed p21 expression post-transcriptionally by enhancing p21mRNA decay.LINC00525 promoted p21mRNAdecay by competitively binding toRNABindingMotif Single Stranded Interacting Protein 2(RBMS2).Conclusion:Our findings demonstrate that LINC00525 promotes the progression of LUAD by reducing the transcription and stability of p21 mRNA in concert with EZH2 and RBMS2,thus suggesting that LINC00525 may be a potential therapeutic target for clinical intervention in LUAD.

Meiotic nuclear divisions 1(MND1)fuels cell cycle progression by activating a KLF6/E2F1 positive feedback loop in lung adenocarcinoma

Background:Considering the increase in the proportion of lung adenocarcinoma(LUAD)cases among all lung cancers and its considerable contribution to cancer-related deaths worldwide,we sought to identify novel oncogenes to provide potential targets and facilitate a better understanding of the malignant progression of LUAD.Methods:The results from the screening of transcriptome and survival analyses according to the integrated Gene Expression Omnibus(GEO)datasets and The Cancer Genome Atlas(TCGA)data were combined,and a promising risk biomarker called meiotic nuclear divisions 1(MND1)was selectively acquired.Cell viability assays and subcutaneous xenograftmodelswere used to validate the oncogenic role ofMND1 in LUADcell proliferation and tumor growth.Aseries of assays,including mass spectrometry,co-immunoprecipitation(Co-IP),and chromatin immunoprecipitation(ChIP),were performed to explore the underlying mechanism.Results:MND1 up-regulation was identified to be an independent risk factor for overall survival in LUAD patients evaluated by both tissue microarray staining and third party data analysis.In vivo and in vitro assays showed that MND1 promoted LUAD cell proliferation by regulating cell cycle.The results of the Co-IP,ChIP and dual-luciferase reporter assays validated that MND1 competitively bound to tumor suppressor Kruppel-like factor 6(KLF6),and thereby protecting E2F transcription factor 1(E2F1)from KLF6-induced transcriptional repression.Luciferase reporter and ChIP assays found that E2F1 activated MND1 transcription by binding to its promoter in a feedback manner.Conclusions:MND1,KLF6,and E2F1 form a positive feedback loop to regulate cell cycle and confer DDP resistance in LUAD.MND1 is crucial for malignant progression and may be a potential therapeutic target in LUAD patients.