Thermodynamic Properties of Li-LiH (LiD, LiT) Systems. The Phase Diagram

The paper presents a comprehensive critical review and detailed analysis of the literature, published in the field of the phase diagram solution Li-LiH (LiD, LiT). Special attention is paid to the completeness of the source information on the paper’s topic resulting in an extended reference list. Particularly, paper reviews rarely used sources including little-known publications from research centers, proceedings of the international scientific meetings and dissertations. These publications were more thoroughly analyzed in order to make the information available to the scientific society.

A Simple Explanation of the Information Paradox by the Information Model of a Black Hole

The information paradox first surfaced in the early 1970s when Stephen Hawking of Cambridge University suggested that black holes are not totally black. Hawking showed that particle-antiparticle pairs generated at the event horizon—the outer periphery of a black hole—would be separated. One particle would fall into the black hole while the other would escape, making the black hole a radiating body. Characteristics of the emission and absorption of usual substance by a black hole can be described by information models. Estimation of the volume of information in black holes is necessary for generation of restrictions for their formation, development and interconversion. Information is an integral part of the Universe. By its physical essence information is heterogeneity of matter and energy. Therefore information is inseparably connected with matter and energy. An information approach along with a physical one allows to obtain new, sometimes more general data in relation to data obtained on the ground of physical rules only. The author’s works, testify about the practicality of information laws usage simultaneously with physical rules for cognition of the Universe. The results presented in this paper show the effectiveness of informational approach for studying the black holes. The article discusses the following questions: The volume of information in the black hole;Information model of a black hole;Characteristics of the emission and absorption of usual substance by a black hole describes the information model of a black hole;The information paradox;A simple explanation of the information paradox by the information model of a black hole.

Black Holes—Information Models

Estimation of the volume of information in black holes is necessary for generation of restrictions for their formation, development and interconversion. Information is an integral part of the Universe. By its physical essence information is heterogeneity of matter and energy. The universal measure of physical heterogeneity of information is the Shannon in- formation entropy. It is important to note that the Neumann entropy cannot be applied as the universal measure of het- erogeneity because it is equal to zero for structured pure state. Therefore information is inseparably connected with matter and energy. The informatics laws of nature are: the basic law of Zeilinger’s quantum mechanics postulates that the elementary physical system (in particular, fundamental particles: quarks, leptons,…) bears one bit of information, the law of simplicity of complex systems, the law of uncertainty (information) conservation, the law of finiteness of complex systems characteristics, the law of necessary variety by W. Ashby, and the theorem of K. Gödel. The law of finiteness of complex systems characteristics and the principle of necessary variety by W. Ashby impose restrictions on the topology and symmetry of the universe. The author’s works testify about the practicality of information laws simultaneously with physical rules for cognition of the Universe. The results presented in this paper show the effectiveness of informational approach to studying the black holes. The article discusses the following questions: The volume of information in the black hole, Emission and absorption of usual substance by a black hole, Formation and development (changing) of black holes, Black hole merger. Black hole is called optimal if information content is minimal at the University region. Optimal black holes can exist when at least the two types of substance are available in the Universe: with non-linear and linear correspondence between information content and mass. Information content of optimal black hole is proportional to squared coefficient correlating information content with mass in usual substance and in inverse proportion to coefficient correlating information content with black hole mass. Concentration of mass in optimal black hole minimizes information content in the system “usual substance—black holes”. Minimal information content of the Universe consisting of optimal black holes only is twice as less as information content available of the Universe of the same mass filled with usual substance only. An information approach along with a physical one allows obtaining new, sometimes more general data in relation to data obtained on the ground of physical rules only.