Downregulation of the nucleosome-binding protein 1 （NSBP1） gene can inhibit the in vitro and in vivo proliferation of prostate cancer cells

This studay is to construct a lentiviral vector harbouring an RNA interference （RNAi） sequence that targets the gene encoding the human high-mobility group nucleosomal binding protein 1 （NSBP1）; to study its role in inducing G2/M phase arrest and apoptosis in prostate cancer （PCa） DU145 cells; and to assess the effect of its knockdown on cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo. RNAi was applied to knock down NSBP1 expression in the PCa cell line DU145 by lentiviral plasmids producing an NSBP1 small hairpin RNA. After NSBP1 knockdown in DU145 cells, the growth rate of cells was analyzed by MTT, and G2/M cell cycle arrest and apoptosis were assessed using a FAC- Scalibur flow cytometer. Tumour growth was assessed in nude mice. The mRNA and protein expression levels of NSBP1, cyclin B1 and Bcl-2 were analysed in vitro and in vivo by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting. Knockdown of NSBP1 resulted in a 22.6% decrease in the growth rate of cells compared with the PscNC lentivirus control cells at 96 h, decreased tumour growth in nude mice, and the induction of Gz/M cell cycle arrest （8.78%） and apoptosis （2.19-fold）. Consistent with the cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, the mRNA and protein expression levels of cyclin B 1 and Bcl-2 were decreased. In conclusion, knockdown of NSBP 1 causes a statistically significant inhibition of the in vitro and in vivo growth of the PCa cell line DU145. Growth suppression is at least partially due to NSBP1 knockdown-induced Gz/M cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. The present data provide the evidence that the NSBP1 knockdown-induced G2/M phase arrest and apoptosis may result from negative regulation of cyclin B 1 and Bcl-2 by NSBP1, with the resulting reduced expression of these proteins.

Further evidence of endogenous hydrogen sulphide as a mediator of relaxation in human and rat bladder

We investigated the expression of hydrogen sulphide （H2S） in human and rat lower urinary tract （including bladder, prostate and urethra） tissues, and we sought to determine whether H2S induces relaxation of human and Sprague-Dawley （SD） rat bladder strips. Human normal lower urinary tract tissue was obtained for the evaluation of endogenous H2S productivity using a sulphide-sensitive electrode and for the analysis of the expression levels of all three synthases of endogenous H2S, cystathionine β-synthase （CBS）, cystathionine y lyase （CSE） and 3-mercaptopyruvate sulphur transferase （MPST, as known as 3-MST） by Western blot assay. CBS, CSE and MPST were located in human sample slides by immunohistochemistry. Human and male adult SD rat bladder strips were tested for H2S function with a transducer and recorded. All experiments were repeated six times. The endogenous H2S productivity and the H2S synthases had various distributions in the human and rat lower urinary tract tissues and were located in both epithelial and stromal sections. L-cysteine （L-Cys, a substrate of CBS, CSE and MPST） elicited relaxation in a dose-dependent manner on human bladder strips ere-contracted by acetylcholine chloride. This effect could be diminished by the ATe-sensitive potassium ion （KATe） channel blocker glibenclamide （GLB）, the CSE inhibitor DL-propargylglycine （PEG） and the CBS inhibitor hydroxylamine （HA）. H2S and its three synthases were present in the human and rat lower urinary tract tissues and relaxed human and rat bladder strips, which implied that endogenous H2S might play a role in physiological function and pathological disorders of the lower urinary tract symptoms （LUTS） or overactive bladder （OAB）.

The Diagnosis and Treatments of Inguinal Hernia after Radical Prostatectomy

Prostate cancer (PC) is one of the most common causes of cancer-related death in the world among old men. Radical prostatectomy (RP) is the most common surgical procedure in treatments. However, the complications after RRP always confuse surgeons. Urinary incontinence, impotence, erectile dysfunction frequently have effects on the quality of life after RP on patients occurred PC. Inguinal hernias (IHs) after RP is the most common complication, especially indirect hernias. Thus, patients occurred post-IH are frequently performed secondary surgery. In recent years, urologists have explored different surgical techniques, managements, and preoperationly detections to prevent the development of IH postoperationly. However, the precise mechanism of this procedure occurred is unclear till now. Some retrospective studies have been performed to explore the occurence of IH post-RRP and prophylactic techniques to prevent or decrease IH occurred after RRP. Disappointingly, there is no one efficient and precise method influenced this procedure occurred. We reviewed recent studies about IH after RP through different approaches to evaluate the development of this procedure.

Clinical practice guideline for transurethral plasmakinetic resection of prostate for benign prostatic hyperplasia(2021 Edition)

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is highly prevalent among older men, impacting on their quality of life, sexual function, and genitourinary health, and has become an important global burden of disease. Transurethral plasmakinetic resection of prostate (TUPKP) is one of the foremost surgical procedures for the treatment of BPH. It has become well established in clinical practice with good efficacy and safety. In 2018, we issued the guideline “2018 Standard Edition”. However much new direct evidence has now emerged and this may change some of previous recommendations. The time is ripe to develop new evidence-based guidelines, so we formed a working group of clinical experts and methodologists. The steering group members posed 31 questions relevant to the management of TUPKP for BPH covering the following areas: questions relevant to the perioperative period (preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative) of TUPKP in the treatment of BPH, postoperative complications and the level of surgeons’ surgical skill. We searched the literature for direct evidence on the management of TUPKP for BPH, and assessed its certainty generated recommendations using the grade criteria by the European Association of Urology. Recommendations were either strong or weak, or in the form of an ungraded consensus-based statement. Finally, we issued 36 statements. Among them, 23 carried strong recommendations, and 13 carried weak recommendations for the stated procedure. They covered questions relevant to the aforementioned three areas. The preoperative period for TUPKP in the treatment of BPH included indications and contraindications for TUPKP, precautions for preoperative preparation in patients with renal impairment and urinary tract infection due to urinary retention, and preoperative prophylactic use of antibiotics. Questions relevant to the intraoperative period incorporated surgical operation techniques and prevention and management of bladder explosion. The application to different populations incorporating the efficacy and safety of TUPKP in the treatment of normal volume (< 80 ml) and large-volume (≥ 80 ml) BPH compared with transurethral urethral resection prostate, transurethral plasmakinetic enucleation of prostate and open prostatectomy;the efficacy and safety of TUPKP in high-risk populations and among people taking anticoagulant (antithrombotic) drugs. Questions relevant to the postoperative period incorporated the time and speed of flushing, the time indwelling catheters are needed, principles of postoperative therapeutic use of antibiotics, follow-up time and follow-up content. Questions related to complications incorporated types of complications and their incidence, postoperative leukocyturia, the treatment measures for the perforation and extravasation of the capsule, transurethral resection syndrome, postoperative bleeding, urinary catheter blockage, bladder spasm, overactive bladder, urinary incontinence, urethral stricture, rectal injury during surgery, postoperative erectile dysfunction and retrograde ejaculation. Final questions were related to surgeons’ skills when performing TUPKP for the treatment of BPH. We hope these recommendations can help support healthcare workers caring for patients having TUPKP for the treatment of BPH.

siRNA—HMGN5通过影响线粒体相关的信号通路及调节Bcl-2家族蛋白引起前列腺癌细胞系凋亡

We investigated the importance of HMGN5, a nuclear protein that binds to nucleosomes, unfolds chromatin, and affects transcription, in the LNCaP prostate cancer cell line. We also examined the molecular mechanisms that promote apoptosis of LNCaP cells after infection with small interfering RNA （siRNA） targeting HMGN5 （siRNA-HMGN5）. The androgen-dependent LNCaP human prostate cancer cells were infected with siRNA-HMGN5. Apoptosis was detected using the Annexin V-PE/7-AAD double staining and the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling （TUNEL） assays. Mitochondrial membrane potential was measured by JC-1 staining. HMGN5and GAPDHmRNA expression were determined using real-time PCR. Bcl-2 and other apoptosis-related protein levels were determined by Western blot analysis. Caspase activity was measured by cleavage of the caspase substrate. Infection with siRNA targeting HMGN5 efficiently and specifically reduced the HMGN5 expression in LNCaP cells. The downregulation of HMGN5 induced remarkable apoptosis of LNCaP cells and resulted in the reduction of mitochondrial membrane potential. The induction of cell apoptosis was accompanied by the upregulation of Bax, the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and the activation of caspase3. The HMGN5-targeted siRNA was effective in downregulating the expression of HMGN5 in androgen-dependent prostate cancer cells and inducing cell apoptosis via the regulation of a caspase-related mitochondrial pathway and Bcl-2 family proteins. This study suggests that HMGN5 may be a potential molecular target with therapeutic relevance for the treatment of prostate cancer.

阴茎再造术最新进展

阴茎再造术对泌尿外科医生来说仍是一个巨大的挑战。本文综述了创伤后阴茎再造、良性和恶性疾病的阴茎切除、小阴茎病人、aphallia病人、女变男性别焦虑症病人方面的最新进展。

Kallikrein-kinin system： is it the fountain of youth？

Erectile dysfunction （ED） is a common disorder characterized by multifactorial etiology. Cardiovascular disease, diabetes, hormone alterations, and surgical manipulation represent the common causes of ED.1 Age is also an independent risk factor for ED, with an estimated increase in ED of 4.6% per year between the ages of 60 and 69 years.2

Cloning and functional research of renal cell carcinoma related novel gene——GYLZ-RCC18

After the renal cell carcinoma related novel gene fragment GYLZ-RCC18 was cloned by using suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH), we used the SMART RACE technology to clone the full length of GYLZ-RCC18 and performed chromosome location by the FISH method. RT-PCR was used to detect the expression of the first reading frame of GYLZ-RCC18 in different stages and grades of renal cell carcinoma tissue and other tissues. Also we trans-fected the antisense oligonucleotide of GYLZ-RCC18 to renal cell carcinoma cell line GRC-1, and analyzed the proliferation activity, growth speed, apoptosis and mortality changes in GRC-1. The results show that the full length of GYLZ-RCC18 (GenBank accession No.: BE825133) cDNA is about 3.5 kb long which is located at No. 14 chromosome. GYLZ-RCC18 has a higher expression in higher grades and stages of renal cell carcinoma than in the lower ones. The expression of GYLZ-RCC18 in renal cell carcinoma was much higher than that in normal kidney and other tissues. After