Nanodroplet-mediated catheter-directed sonothrombolysis of retracted blood clots

One major challenge in current microbubble(MB)and tissue plasminogen activator(tPA)-mediated sonothrombolysis techniques is effectively treating retracted blood clots,owing to the high density and low porosity of retracted clots.Nanodroplets(NDs)have the potential to enhance retracted clot lysis owing to their small size and ability to penetrate into retracted clots to enhance drug delivery.For the first time,we demonstrate that a sub-megahertz,forwardviewing intravascular(FVI)transducer can be used for ND-mediated sonothrombolysis,in vitro.In this study,we determined the minimum peak negative pressure to induce cavitation with low-boiling point phase change nanodroplets and clot lysis.We then compared nanodroplet mediated sonothrombolysis to MB and tPA mediate techniques.The clot lysis as a percent mass decrease in retracted clots was 9±8%,9±5%,16±5%,14±9%,17±9%,30±8%,and 40±9%for the control group,tPA alone,tPA+US,MB+US,MB+tPA+US,ND+US,and ND+tPA+US groups,respectively.In retracted blood clots,combined ND-and tPA-mediated sonothrombolysis was able to significantly enhance retracted clot lysis compared with traditional MB and tPA-mediated sonothrombolysis techniques.Combined nanodroplet with tPA-mediated sonothrombolysis may provide a feasible strategy for safely treating retracted clots.