Economy Function in the Mode of Sustainable Development

To implement the previously formulated principles of sustainable economic development, all solutions of the linear system of equations and inequalities, which are satisfied by the vector of real consumption, are completely described. It is established that the vector of real consumption with the minimum level of excess supply is determined by the solution of some quadratic programming problem. The necessary and sufficient conditions are established under which the economic system, described by the “input-output” production model, functions in the mode of sustainable development. A complete description of the equilibrium states for which markets are partially cleared in the economy model of production “input-output” is given, on the basis that all solutions of system of linear equations and inequalities are completely described. The existence of a family of taxation vectors in the “input-output” model of production, under which the economic system is able to function in the mode of sustainable development, is proved. Restrictions were found for the vector of taxation in the economic system, under which the economic system is able to function in the mode of sustainable development.

Increasing the Efficiency and Level of Environmental Safety of Pro-Environmental City Heat Supply Technologies by Low Power Nuclear Plants

In connection with the current prospect of decarbonization of coal energy through the use of small nuclear power plants (SNPPs) at existing TPPs as heat sources for heat supply to municipal heating networks, there is a technological need to improve heat supply schemes to increase their environmental friendliness and efficiency. The paper proves the feasibility of using the heat-feeding mode of ASHPs for urban heat supply by heating the network water with steam taken from the turbine. The ratio of electric and thermal power of a “nuclear” combined heat and power plant is given. The advantage of using a heat pump, which provides twice as much electrical power with the same heat output, is established. Taking into account that heat in these modes is supplied with different potential, the energy efficiency was used to compare these options. To increase the heat supply capacity, a scheme with the use of a high-pressure heater in the backpressure mode and with the heating of network water with hot steam was proposed. Heat supply from ASHPs is efficient and environmentally friendly even in the case of significant remoteness of heat consumers.

The Need to Create and Apply High-Precision Operational Remote Environmental Monitoring in the Face of Modern Challenges

The paper formulates new principles that should form the basis for the development and creation of new environmental monitoring based on heavy UAVs and high-altitude so-called pseudo-satellites capable of operating for a long time at altitudes of 25 - 30 km. In order to develop such principles, this paper analyzes the radioecological situation in the territories of Donetsk and Luhansk regions of Ukraine for rapid and high-quality environmental cleanup and rehabilitation of areas with detected critical levels of environmentally hazardous pollutants. In order to quickly obtain fundamentally new environmental information, it is necessary to conduct multi-parameter, high-precision integrated monitoring of the Earth’s geospheres based on the latest methods and equipment for ground and remote environmental measurements, and new methods and technological means of clean, environmentally safe processing and final disposal. As the most appropriate technology, we propose mobile installations for plasma-chemical pyrolysis of medical waste directly at the place of its generation.

The Role of the Institute of Geological Sciences in the History of Geology in Armenia

The article presents a brief history of the Institute of Geological Sciences(IGS)of the NAS of RA,and the achievements of different generations of its specialists in the field of bio-stratigraphy,paleontology,regional geology,tectonics,geodynamics,geological hazards,seismotectonics,lithology,volcanism,magmatism,isotope geology,metamorphism,ore-bearing potential,metallogeny,ore geochemistry,hydrogeology,hydro-geochemistry,engineering geology,and geological informatics.The recent concepts on the geology of the RA in these different branches are based chiefly on the results of studies carried out by IGS specialists,also jointly with their foreign colleagues.Currently,the IGS of the NAS of RA is the sole institution in the RA that leads both basic and applied-science research in different directions of geological science.

The Influence of the Imperfectness of Contact Conditions on the Critical Velocity of the Moving Load Acting in the Interior of the Cylinder Surrounded with Elastic Medium

The dynamics of the moving-with-constant-velocity internal pressure acting on the inner surface of the hollow circular cylinder surrounded by an infinite elastic medium is studied within the scope of the piecewise homogeneous body model by employing the exact field equations of the linear theory of elastodynamics.It is assumed that the internal pressure is point-located with respect to the cylinder axis and is axisymmetric in the circumferential direction.Moreover,it is assumed that shear-spring type imperfect contact conditions on the interface between the cylinder and surrounding elastic medium are satisfied.The focus is on the influence of the mentioned imperfectness on the critical velocity of the moving load and this is the main contribution and difference of the present paper the related other ones.The other difference of the present work from the related other ones is the study of the response of the interface stresses to the load moving velocity,distribution of these stresses with respect to the axial coordinates and to the time.At the same time,the present work contains detail analyses of the influence of problem parameters such as the ratio of modulus of elasticity,the ratio of the cylinder thickness to the cylinder radius,and the shear-spring type parameter which characterizes the degree of the contact imperfection on the values of the critical velocity and stress distribution.Corresponding numerical results are presented and discussed.In particular,it is established that the values of the critical velocity of the moving pressure decrease with the external radius of the cylinder under constant thickness of that.

The Discrete-Analytical Solution Method for Investigation Dynamics of the Sphere with Inhomogeneous Initial Stresses

The paper deals with a development of the discrete-analytical method for the solution of the dynamical problems of a hollow sphere with inhomogeneous initial stresses.The examinations are made with respect to the problem on the natural vibration of the hollow sphere the initial stresses in which is caused by internal and external uniformly distributed pressure.The initial stresses in the sphere are determined within the scope of the exact equations of elastostatics.It is assumed that after appearing this static initial stresses the sphere gets a dynamical excitation and mechanical behavior of the sphere caused by this excitation is described with the so-called three-dimensional linearized equations of elastic wave propagation in initially stressed bodies.For the solution of these equations,which have variable coefficients,the discrete analytical solution method is developed and applied.In particular,it is established that the convergence of the numerical results with respect to the number of discretization is very acceptable and applicable for the considered type dynamical problems.Numerical results on the influence of the initial stresses on the values of the natural frequencies of the hollow sphere are also presented and these results are discussed.

Enhancing the Resilience of Electricity Systems

1.引言经过超级飓风桑迪和飓风哈维、厄玛、何塞、玛利亚、卡特里娜等重大干扰事件的影响,以及2003年美国东北部的大停电事件,美国对具备恢复力的电力系统的需求越加凸显,也更加意识到电力基础设施对恶意物理和网络攻击的脆弱性。尽管事后新闻媒体立即对事件进行了大量的报道。

Main Principles and Methods of Identification of High Conservation Value Forests in the Conditions of Mountainous Relief： Case of Armenia

Armenia is a small mountainous country with remarkable biodiversity. The forest cover of Armenia makes up 11.17% of the total territory of Armenia. The forests of Armenia make important habitat for numerous biological objects. They also provide important ecosystem services, including key services to forest adjacent population. Deforestation and forest degradation are serious threats in Armenia. In the result of special studies the principles and criteria for identification of HCVFs （high conservation value forests） in the conditions of Armenia were developed. They are based on the guidelines for identification and management of HCVFs, but adapted to the conditions of mountainous forests of Armenia as a small country. Out of six generic types of HCVFs, it is suggested to define five types of HCVFs with respective sub-types. Proper protection of such forests shall ensure conservation of biological diversity and maintenance of ecosystem services provided by forests.

Forced Vibration of the Non-Homogeneously Pre-Stressed System Consisting of the Hollow Cylinder and Surrounding Medium

The paper deals with the study of the influence of the non-homogeneous prestresses in the system consisting of the hollow cylinder and surrounding elastic medium on the frequency response of this system caused by the time-harmonic ring load acting in the interior of the cylinder.The axisymmetric problem is considered and it is assumed that in the initial state,the system is compressed in the radial direction with homogeneously distributed static forces as a result of which,non-homogeneous pre-stresses(or initial stresses)appear in that.It is also assumed that after these pre-stresses appear in the interior of the cylinder,the point-located(with respect to the axial coordinate directed along the cylinder’s central axis)additional time-harmonic ring load acts.Thus,it is required to determine how the pre-stresses influence the frequency response of the system to the noted additional time-harmonic loading.This influence,which is the non-linear effect,is studied within the scope of the so-called three-dimensional linearized equations and relations of the theory of elastic waves in pre-stressed bodies.The solution to the corresponding boundary value problems is found by employing the discrete analytical solution method and numerical results on the influence of the pre-stresses on the frequency response of the interface stresses which appear as a result of the action of the additional time-harmonic forces,are presented and discussed.In particular,it is established that the pre-stresses mentioned above cause to decrease the magnitude of the interface dynamic stresses appearing as a result of the additional time-harmonic loading.

Regularities of Nanofocusing of the Electromagnetic Field of a Fractal Rough Surface

A consistent physical and mathematical model of the propagation of electromagnetic waves in an inhomogeneous medium with strong discontinuities of the electromagnetic field at the interface of two media, which is a rough surface, was developed. Mathematical modeling of rough surfaces and their profiles was carried out using fractal geometry, which allows us to display the topology of the object as close as possible to reality. For real heterogeneous rough structures, we have developed a through-counting method that takes into account the continuity of the total current at the interfaces of adjacent media, the effect of induced surface charge and surface current. This approach lets one avoid the necessity to set surface impedances depending on the structure of the field being determined and on the material properties.

Effect of Hypoxia on the Expression of a Subset of Proliferation Related Genes in IRE1 Knockdown U87 Glioma Cells

We have studied the expression of a subset of genes encoding important tumor growth related factors in U87 glioma cells with IRE1 (inositol requiring enzyme-1) knockdown as well as their hypoxic regulation. It was shown that the expression levels of activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6), clusterin (CLU), adhesion G protein-coupled receptor E5 (ADGRE5), transglutaminase?2, C polypeptide (TGM2), leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), phosphoserine aminotransferase 1 (PSAT1), glyoxalase I (GLO1) and tetraspanin 13 (TSPAN13) are significantly down-regulated in glioma cells with the knockdown of IRE1 signaling enzyme. It was also shown that in glioma cells subjected to hypoxia, the expression levels of PSAT1, TSPAN13, EIF2AK3, and TGM2 genes were up-regulated, whereas the expression of ATF6 gene was down-regulated. At the same time, the expression levels of LIF, CLU, and ADGRE5 genes did not change in response to hypoxic treatment.?Furthermore, inhibition of IRE1, a key effector of an unfolded protein response pathway, modified the effect of hypoxia on the expression of most studied genes. Present study demonstrates that IRE1 knockdown down-regulated the expression of most studied genes and modified their hypoxic regulation and that these changes possibly contributed to the suppression of glioma growth in cells without IRE1 signaling enzyme function.

Influence of the temperature at the Black Sea ctenophores-aliens bioluminescence characteristics

Successful invasion of Mnemiopsis leidyi A. Agassiz, 1865 and Beroe ovata Mayer, 1912 into the Black Sea and their important role in this region pelagic ecosystem is stipulated mainly by the considerable eurythermy of these species. Many ecological-physiological characteristics of ctenophores—aliens are studied quite well. However, bioluminescence, one of the most important elements of the ctenophores ecology and the bioluminescence reaction temperature optimum for these individuals under different environment temperatures were not studied sufficiently. Therefore our researches in this scientific field are significant and conceptually novel for ctenophores ecology study. Experimental investigations were carried out in the period of 2008-2009 in the IBSS. Uni-sized (40 mm) ctenophores were collected in the Sevastopol coastal zone and divided in several groups, contained under different temperatures: from 10°C ± 1°C to 30°C ± 1°C. Ctenophore bioluminescence was investigated under chemical and mechanical stimulation. M. leidyi light emission maximal amplitude (1432.94 ± 71.64 × 108 quantum·s–1·cm–2) with duration of 3.54 ± 0.15 s is fixed under the temperature of 26°C ± 1°C. Temperature increase up to 30°C ± 1°C led to the 4 times decrease of the bioluminescence intensity. Under temperature decrease up to 10°C ± 1°C this parameter decreased 20 times (p B. ovata achieved maximal values under the temperature of 22°C ± 1°C (1150.12 ± 57.51 × 108 quantum·s–1·cm–2) with duration of 3.03 ± 0.15 s. The luminescence intensity decreased under the temperature increase to 30°C ± 1°C more than 20 times. Temperature decrease to the values of 10°C ± 1°C impacted decreasing the amplitude of bioluminescence up to the minimal –4.92 ± 0.22 × 108 quantum·s–1·cm–2. The data obtained testify that characteristics of the ctenophores bioluminescence can be conditioned not only by the modification the environment temperature but by the variability of their physiological condition.

Changes in the Nuclei of Infected Cells at Early Stages of Infection with EMCV

By the methods of quantitative cytophotometry, we have identified the changes in the nucleus and of some intranuclear compartments in the early stages of infection with encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV). They can be characterized as early 1 - 2 hours post infection (hpi) and temporary increase (duration about 1 hour) in the content of the acidic proteins of the nucleolus, changing their decline to the control values. Then (after 1 - 2 hours) follows an increase in RNA content of nucleoli to 4 hours post infection (the process takes about 2 hours). The increase in RNA content in nucleoli is in approximately the same time (slightly behind) with the activation of PML bodies (2 - 4 hpi). Then, the RNA content in nucleoli decreased to the control values, while simultaneously decreasing activity of PML bodies (ranging from 5 - 6 hpi). The early stages of infection EMCV are also characterized by the tendency to increase in the size of the nuclei of infected cells, and preserve at a later time. Then there is an increase in RNA content in the nucleus, roughly coinciding with the increased content of RNA in the nucleoli.

Subsoil Natural Physico-chemical Reactor: The Property of Deep Abiogenic Methane-Containing High-Thermobaric Fluid to Form Coal Seams

For the first time,the property of deep abiogenic methane-containing high-thermobaric fluid to decompose organic residues in the Earth’s crust and form coal seams was established.

The Content of Selenium and Other Ten Chemical Elements in Boletus Edulis from Bulgaria and Inhibition of Lipid Peroxidation

The goal of this study was to determine the content of such biological active metals as Se, Hg, AI, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, Pb, Mg, Ca and Fe in Boletus Edulis mushrooms and to study the effect of mushrooms as inhibitors of blood serum copper-initiated lipid peroxidation. The metals content was determined by ICP-OES technique and blood lipids peroxidation in vitro was assessed by thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances measurement. The dependency between quality and content of the determined biological active metals has been traced. Samples were analyzed of wild growing mushrooms Boletus Edulis from two mountain regions in Bulgaria. On the average the content of Se in Boletus Edulis was found to be 25 mg/kg dried mushroom, this content being higher in tubules than in fleshy part. We found that Boletus Edulis mushrooms inhibited lipid peroxidation in the concentration dependent manner. The effective concentration of Boletus Edulis is in 5 times lower compared to the concentration of Cantharellus Cibarius resulting in similar lipid peroxidation inhibition. This effect can be explained by 56 times higher content of Se and by 1.5 and 3 times lower content of such initiators of lipid peroxidation as Cu and Fe in Boletus Edulis compared to Cantharellus Cibarius. A system with a source of infrared radiation heating, developed by authors, was used for the mushroom mineralization. We conclude that Boletus Edulis is an effective inhibitor of blood lipid peroxidation and in 5 times stronger rather than Cantharellus Cibarius.

Wearable Smart Sensor System for Medical Monitoring with an Assessment of the Level of Blood Loss and Pain Shock Because of Trauma or Injury

Blood loss in peacetime is mainly due to the normal menstrual cycle in women or diseases with surgical intervention. In wartime, blood loss in military personnel is a characteristic sign of a closed or open injury of the body during internal or external bleeding. Access to clinical care for wounded military personnel injured on the battlefield is limited and has long delays compared to patients in peacetime. Most of the deaths of wounded military personnel on the battlefield occur within the first hour after being wounded. The most common causes are delay in providing medical care, loss of time for diagnosis, delay in stabilization of pain shock and large blood loss. Some help in overcoming these problems is provided by the data in the individual capsule, which each soldier of the modern army possesses;however, data in an individual capsule is not sufficient to provide emergency medical care in field and hospital conditions. This paper considers a project for development of a smart real-time monitoring wearable system for blood loss and level of shock stress in wounded persons on the battlefield, which provides medical staff in field and hospital conditions with the necessary information to give timely medical care. Although the hospital will require additional information, the basic information about the victims will already be known before he enters the hospital. It is important to emphasize that the key term in this approach is monitoring. It is tracking, and not a one-time measurement of indicators, that is crucial in a valid definition of bleeding.

Non-Invasive Approach to Early Diagnosis of the Formation of Oncological Neoplasms

The currently developed instrumental approaches for detecting pathological changes in the body have a number of disadvantages. The most important of them is that the equipment is sensitive to the detection of diseases only from a certain threshold level of destructive changes in the body. The present article discusses the possibility of using the new instrumental complex “Bioscope” for early and non-invasive diagnosis of the beginning of the formation of ontological neoplasm’s in the body.

Deformation Nano-Mechanisms Occurring on the Interface of Dissimilar Materials Joined in Solid Phase by Means of High Temperature Rolling

Nano-mechanisms of crystal lattice deformation on the interface of dissimilar materials (Cu-Nb), joined by vacuum rolling in solid phase under high temperature (950℃) were studied by means of high resolution electron microscopy. Input of carriers of rotation modes—nano-dipoles of partial disclinations and nano-twist disclinations in the form of double spirals in deformation mechanisms were analyzed. The role of these mechanisms in decrease of shear stability of the interface areas and in production of high-quality rolled metal is discussed.

Control Parameters of Magnitude—Seismic Moment Correlation for the Crustal Earthquakes

In connection with conversion from energy class KR (KR = log10E R, where ER — seismic energy, J) to the universal magnitude estimation of the Tien Shan crustal earthquakes the development of the self-coordinated correlation of the magnitudes (mb , ML, Ms ) and KR with the seismic moment M0 as the base scale became necessary. To this purpose, the first attempt to develop functional correlations in the magnitude—seismic moment system subject to the previous studies has been done. It is assumed that in the expression M (mb , ML , Ms) = Ki + zi log10M0 , the coefficients ki? and zi? are controlled by the parameters of ratio?(where;f0 —corner frequency, Brune, 1970, 1971;M0, N×m). According to the new theoretical predictions common functional correlation of the advanced magnitudes Mm (mbm = mb , MLm = ML , MSm = MS ) from log10M0,? log10t0? and the elastic properties (Ci) can be presented as , where , and , for the averaged elastic properties of the Earth’s crust for thembmthe coefficients Ci= –11.30 and di = 1.0, for MLm: Ci = –14.12, di = 7/6;for MSm : Ci = –16.95 and di = 4/3. For theTien Shan earthquakes (1960-2012 years) it was obtained that , and on the basis of the above expressions we received that MSm = 1.59mbm – 3.06. According to the instrumental data the correlation Ms = 1.57mb – 3.05 was determined. Some other examples of comparison of the calculated and observed magnitude - seismic moment ratios for earthquakes of California, the Kuril Islands, Japan, Sumatra and South America are presented.