We have previously demonstrated the ability of malaria parasites to interfere with specific immune responses. CD4 T cells specific to parasite antigens, but not CD4 T cells specific to an irrelevant antigen, ovalbumin...We have previously demonstrated the ability of malaria parasites to interfere with specific immune responses. CD4 T cells specific to parasite antigens, but not CD4 T cells specific to an irrelevant antigen, ovalbumin (OVA), are de- leted via apoptosis during malaria infection. It is of interest, therefore, to investigate the immune responses that developed following vaccination with the 19 kDa carboxylterminus of the merozoite surface protein 1 (MSP119) in mice that had previ- ously experienced malaria infection. In this study, pre-exposure of mice to Plasmodium yoelii elicited native anti-MSP119 an- tibody responses, which could be boosted by vaccination with recombinant MSP119 . likewise, infection of MSP119-primed mice with Plasmodium yoelii ( P . yoelii) led to an increase of anti-MSP119 antibodies. MSP119 vaccination of malaria pre- exposed mice or immunization by infection/cure of MSP119-primed mice enabled the mice to survive challenge infection, with the former group having slightly lower parasitaemia. The data suggest that exposure to malaria infection primes a natural im- mune response which can be boosted by vaccination. This information is relevant to the development of a vaccine for use in individuals living in malaria-endemic areas.展开更多
Currently,the major problem of all existing commercial capsule devices is the lack of control of movement.In the future,with an interface application,the clinician will be able to stop and direct the device into point...Currently,the major problem of all existing commercial capsule devices is the lack of control of movement.In the future,with an interface application,the clinician will be able to stop and direct the device into points of interest for detailed inspection/diagnosis,and therapy delivery.This editorial presents current commerciallyavailable new designs,European projects and delivery capsule and gives an overview of the progress required and progress that will be achieved-according to the opinion of the authors- in the next 5 year leading to 2020.展开更多
With the incidence reports of pancreatic cancer increasing every year,research over the last several decades has been focused on the means to achieve early diagnosis in patients that are at a high risk of developing t...With the incidence reports of pancreatic cancer increasing every year,research over the last several decades has been focused on the means to achieve early diagnosis in patients that are at a high risk of developing the malignancy.This review covers current strategies for managing pancreatic cancer and further discusses efforts in understanding the role of early onset symp-toms leading to tumor progression.Recent investigations in this discussion include type 3c diabetes,selected biomarkers and pathways related to pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia lesions,drug resistance,and advances in nanomedicine which may provide significant solutions for improving early detection and treatments in future medicine.展开更多
The discovery that all cells secrete extracellular vesicles(EVs)to shuttle proteins and nucleic acids to recipient cells suggested they play an important role in intercellular communication.EVs are widely distributed ...The discovery that all cells secrete extracellular vesicles(EVs)to shuttle proteins and nucleic acids to recipient cells suggested they play an important role in intercellular communication.EVs are widely distributed in many body fluids,including blood,cerebrospinal fluid,urine and saliva.Exosomes are nano-sized EVs of endosomal origin that regulate many pathophysiological processes including immune responses,inflammation,tumour growth,and infection.Healthy individuals release exosomes with a cargo of different RNA,DNA,and protein contents into the circulation,which can be measured non-invasively as biomarkers of healthy and diseased states.Cancer-derived exosomes carry a unique set of DNA,RNA,protein and lipid reflecting the stage of tumour progression,and may serve as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for various cancers.However,many gaps in knowledge and technical challenges in EVs and extracellular RNA(exRNA)biology,such as mechanisms of EV biogenesis and uptake,exRNA cargo selection,and exRNA detection remain.The NIH Common Fund-supported exRNA Communication Consortium was launched in 2013 to address major scientific challenges in this field.This review focuses on scientific highlights in biomarker discovery of exosome-based exRNA in cancer and its possible clinical application as cancer biomarkers.展开更多
文摘We have previously demonstrated the ability of malaria parasites to interfere with specific immune responses. CD4 T cells specific to parasite antigens, but not CD4 T cells specific to an irrelevant antigen, ovalbumin (OVA), are de- leted via apoptosis during malaria infection. It is of interest, therefore, to investigate the immune responses that developed following vaccination with the 19 kDa carboxylterminus of the merozoite surface protein 1 (MSP119) in mice that had previ- ously experienced malaria infection. In this study, pre-exposure of mice to Plasmodium yoelii elicited native anti-MSP119 an- tibody responses, which could be boosted by vaccination with recombinant MSP119 . likewise, infection of MSP119-primed mice with Plasmodium yoelii ( P . yoelii) led to an increase of anti-MSP119 antibodies. MSP119 vaccination of malaria pre- exposed mice or immunization by infection/cure of MSP119-primed mice enabled the mice to survive challenge infection, with the former group having slightly lower parasitaemia. The data suggest that exposure to malaria infection primes a natural im- mune response which can be boosted by vaccination. This information is relevant to the development of a vaccine for use in individuals living in malaria-endemic areas.
文摘Currently,the major problem of all existing commercial capsule devices is the lack of control of movement.In the future,with an interface application,the clinician will be able to stop and direct the device into points of interest for detailed inspection/diagnosis,and therapy delivery.This editorial presents current commerciallyavailable new designs,European projects and delivery capsule and gives an overview of the progress required and progress that will be achieved-according to the opinion of the authors- in the next 5 year leading to 2020.
基金Supported by the National Institutes of Health(NIH)R01 Grant 5R01CA167535-02
文摘With the incidence reports of pancreatic cancer increasing every year,research over the last several decades has been focused on the means to achieve early diagnosis in patients that are at a high risk of developing the malignancy.This review covers current strategies for managing pancreatic cancer and further discusses efforts in understanding the role of early onset symp-toms leading to tumor progression.Recent investigations in this discussion include type 3c diabetes,selected biomarkers and pathways related to pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia lesions,drug resistance,and advances in nanomedicine which may provide significant solutions for improving early detection and treatments in future medicine.
文摘The discovery that all cells secrete extracellular vesicles(EVs)to shuttle proteins and nucleic acids to recipient cells suggested they play an important role in intercellular communication.EVs are widely distributed in many body fluids,including blood,cerebrospinal fluid,urine and saliva.Exosomes are nano-sized EVs of endosomal origin that regulate many pathophysiological processes including immune responses,inflammation,tumour growth,and infection.Healthy individuals release exosomes with a cargo of different RNA,DNA,and protein contents into the circulation,which can be measured non-invasively as biomarkers of healthy and diseased states.Cancer-derived exosomes carry a unique set of DNA,RNA,protein and lipid reflecting the stage of tumour progression,and may serve as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for various cancers.However,many gaps in knowledge and technical challenges in EVs and extracellular RNA(exRNA)biology,such as mechanisms of EV biogenesis and uptake,exRNA cargo selection,and exRNA detection remain.The NIH Common Fund-supported exRNA Communication Consortium was launched in 2013 to address major scientific challenges in this field.This review focuses on scientific highlights in biomarker discovery of exosome-based exRNA in cancer and its possible clinical application as cancer biomarkers.
