An efficient non-iterative smoothed particle hydrodynamics fluid simulation method with variable smoothing length

In classical smoothed particle hydrodynamics(SPH)fluid simulation approaches,the smoothing length of Lagrangian particles is typically constant.One major disadvantage is the lack of adaptiveness,which may compromise accuracy in fluid regions such as splashes and surfaces.Attempts to address this problem used variable smoothing lengths.Yet the existing methods are computationally complex and non-efficient,because the smoothing length is typically calculated using iterative optimization.Here,we propose an efficient non-iterative SPH fluid simulation method with variable smoothing length(VSLSPH).VSLSPH correlates the smoothing length to the density change,and adaptively adjusts the smoothing length of particles with high accuracy and low computational cost,enabling large time steps.Our experimental results demonstrate the advantages of the VSLSPH approach in terms of its simulation accuracy and efficiency.

Scalable Clock Synchronization Analysis:A Symmetric Noncooperative Output Feedback Tubes-MPC Approach

In the cyber-physical environment,the clock synchronization algorithm is required to have better expansion for network scale.In this paper,a new measurement model of observability under the equivalent transformation of minimum mean square error(MMSE)is constructed based on basic measurement unit(BMU),which can realize the scaled expansion of MMSE measurement.Based on the state updating equation of absolute clock and the decoupled measurement model of MMSElike equivalence,which is proposed to calculate the positive definite invariant set by using the theoretical-practical Luenberger observer as the synthetical observer,the local noncooperative optimal control problem is built,and the clock synchronization system driven by the ideal state of local clock can reach the exponential convergence for synchronization performance.Different from the problem of general linear system regulators,the state estimation error and state control error are analyzed in the established affine system based on the set-theoryin-control to achieve the quantification of state deviation caused by noise interference.Based on the BMU for isomorphic state map,the synchronization performance of clock states between multiple sets of representative nodes is evaluated,and the scale of evaluated system can be still expanded.After the synchronization is completed,the state of perturbation system remains in the maximum range of measurement accuracy,and the state of nominal system can be stabilized at the ideal state for local clock and realizes the exponential convergence of the clock synchronization system.