Low-Power Design of Ethernet Data Transmission

For the reliability and power consumption issues of Ethernet data transmission based on the field programmable gate array （FPGA）, a low-power consumption design method is proposed, which is suitable for FPGA implementation. To reduce the dynamic power consumption of integrated circuit （IC） design, the proposed method adopts the dynamic control of the clock frequency. For most of the time, when the port is in the idle state or lower-rate state, users can reduce or even turn off the reading clock frequency and reduce the clock flip frequency in order to reduce the dynamic power consumption. When the receiving rate is high, the reading clock frequency will be improved timely to ensure that no data will lost. Simulated and verified by Modelsim, the proposed method can dynamically control the clock frequency, including the dynamic switching of high-speed and low-speed clock flip rates, or stop of the clock flip.

A Multi-AGV Routing Planning Method Based on Deep Reinforcement Learning and Recurrent Neural Network

Dear Editor,This letter presents a multi-automated guided vehicles(AGV) routing planning method based on deep reinforcement learning(DRL)and recurrent neural network(RNN), specifically utilizing proximal policy optimization(PPO) and long short-term memory(LSTM).

Microlens Light Field Imaging Method Based on Bionic Vision and 3-3 Dimensional Information Transforming

his paper adopts the 3-3-2 information processing method for the capture of moving objects as its premise, and proposes a basic principle of three-dimensional (3D) imaging using biological compound eye. Traditional bionic vision is limited by the available hardware. Therefore, in this paper, the new-generation technology of microlens-array light-field camera is proposed as a potential method for the extraction of depth information from a single image. A significant characteristic of light-field imaging is that it records intensity and directional information from the lights entering the camera. Herein, a refocusing method using light-field image is proposed. By calculating the focusing cost at different depths from the object, the imaging plane of the object is determined, and a depth map is constructed based on the position of the object’s imaging plane. Compared with traditional light-field depth estimation, the depth map calculated by this method can significantly improve resolution and does not depend on the number of light-field microlenses. In addition, considering that software algorithms rely on hardware structure, this study develops an imaging hardware that is only 7 cm long based on the second-generation microlens camera’s structure, further validating its important refocusing characteristics. It thereby provides a technical foundation for 3D imaging with a single camera.

Knowledge Transfer Learning via Dual Density Sampling for Resource-Limited Domain Adaptation

Most existing domain adaptation(DA) methods aim to explore favorable performance under complicated environments by sampling.However,there are three unsolved problems that limit their efficiencies:ⅰ) they adopt global sampling but neglect to exploit global and local sampling simultaneously;ⅱ)they either transfer knowledge from a global perspective or a local perspective,while overlooking transmission of confident knowledge from both perspectives;and ⅲ) they apply repeated sampling during iteration,which takes a lot of time.To address these problems,knowledge transfer learning via dual density sampling(KTL-DDS) is proposed in this study,which consists of three parts:ⅰ) Dual density sampling(DDS) that jointly leverages two sampling methods associated with different views,i.e.,global density sampling that extracts representative samples with the most common features and local density sampling that selects representative samples with critical boundary information;ⅱ)Consistent maximum mean discrepancy(CMMD) that reduces intra-and cross-domain risks and guarantees high consistency of knowledge by shortening the distances of every two subsets among the four subsets collected by DDS;and ⅲ) Knowledge dissemination(KD) that transmits confident and consistent knowledge from the representative target samples with global and local properties to the whole target domain by preserving the neighboring relationships of the target domain.Mathematical analyses show that DDS avoids repeated sampling during the iteration.With the above three actions,confident knowledge with both global and local properties is transferred,and the memory and running time are greatly reduced.In addition,a general framework named dual density sampling approximation(DDSA) is extended,which can be easily applied to other DA algorithms.Extensive experiments on five datasets in clean,label corruption(LC),feature missing(FM),and LC&FM environments demonstrate the encouraging performance of KTL-DDS.

An efficient non-iterative smoothed particle hydrodynamics fluid simulation method with variable smoothing length

In classical smoothed particle hydrodynamics(SPH)fluid simulation approaches,the smoothing length of Lagrangian particles is typically constant.One major disadvantage is the lack of adaptiveness,which may compromise accuracy in fluid regions such as splashes and surfaces.Attempts to address this problem used variable smoothing lengths.Yet the existing methods are computationally complex and non-efficient,because the smoothing length is typically calculated using iterative optimization.Here,we propose an efficient non-iterative SPH fluid simulation method with variable smoothing length(VSLSPH).VSLSPH correlates the smoothing length to the density change,and adaptively adjusts the smoothing length of particles with high accuracy and low computational cost,enabling large time steps.Our experimental results demonstrate the advantages of the VSLSPH approach in terms of its simulation accuracy and efficiency.

Intelligent Internet of Things with Reliable Communication and Collaboration Technologies

The Internet of Things(IoT)connects objects to Internet through sensor devices,radio frequency identification devices and other information collection and processing devices to realize information interaction.IoT is widely used in many fields,including intelligent transportation,intelligent healthcare,intelligent home and industry.In these fields,IoT devices connected via high-speed internet for efficient and reliable communications and faster response times.

An Effective Cloud Workflow Scheduling Approach Combining PSO and Idle Time Slot-Aware Rules

Workflow scheduling is a key issue and remains a challenging problem in cloud computing.Faced with the large number of virtual machine(VM)types offered by cloud providers,cloud users need to choose the most appropriate VM type for each task.Multiple task scheduling sequences exist in a workflow application.Different task scheduling sequences have a significant impact on the scheduling performance.It is not easy to determine the most appropriate set of VM types for tasks and the best task scheduling sequence.Besides,the idle time slots on VM instances should be used fully to increase resources'utilization and save the execution cost of a workflow.This paper considers these three aspects simultaneously and proposes a cloud workflow scheduling approach which combines particle swarm optimization(PSO)and idle time slot-aware rules,to minimize the execution cost of a workflow application under a deadline constraint.A new particle encoding is devised to represent the VM type required by each task and the scheduling sequence of tasks.An idle time slot-aware decoding procedure is proposed to decode a particle into a scheduling solution.To handle tasks'invalid priorities caused by the randomness of PSO,a repair method is used to repair those priorities to produce valid task scheduling sequences.The proposed approach is compared with state-of-the-art cloud workflow scheduling algorithms.Experiments show that the proposed approach outperforms the comparative algorithms in terms of both of the execution cost and the success rate in meeting the deadline.

Multi-Model Based PSO Method for Burden Distribution Matrix Optimization With Expected Burden Distribution Output Behaviors

Burden distribution is one of the most important operations, and also an important upper regulation in blast furnace(BF) iron-making process. Burden distribution output behaviors(BDOB) at the throat of BF is a 3-dimensional spatial distribution produced by burden distribution matrix(BDM),including burden surface output shape(BSOS) and material layer initial thickness distribution(MLITD). Due to the lack of effective model to describe the complex input-output relations,BDM optimization and adjustment is carried out by experienced foremen. Focusing on this practical challenge, this work studies complex burden distribution input-output relations, and gives a description of expected MLITD under specific integral constraint on the basis of engineering practice. Furthermore, according to the decision variables in different number fields, this work studies optimization of BDM with expected MLITD, and proposes a multi-mode based particle swarm optimization(PSO) procedure for optimization of decision variables. Finally, experiments using industrial data show that the proposed model is effective, and optimized BDM calculated by this multi-model based PSO method can be used for expected distribution tracking.

Active User and Data Detection for Uplink Grant-free NOMA Systems

This paper proposes some low complexity algorithms for active user detection(AUD),channel estimation(CE)and multi-user detection(MUD)in uplink non-orthogonal multiple access(NOMA)systems,including single-carrier and multi-carrier cases.In particular,we first propose a novel algorithm to estimate the active users and the channels for single-carrier based on complex alternating direction method of multipliers(ADMM),where fast decaying feature of non-zero components in sparse signal is considered.More importantly,the reliable estimated information is used for AUD,and the unreliable information will be further handled based on estimated symbol energy and total accurate or approximate number of active users.Then,the proposed algorithm for AUD in single-carrier model can be extended to multi-carrier case by exploiting the block sparse structure.Besides,we propose a low complexity MUD detection algorithm based on alternating minimization to estimate the active users’data,which avoids the Hessian matrix inverse.The convergence and the complexity of proposed algorithms are analyzed and discussed finally.Simulation results show that the proposed algorithms have better performance in terms of AUD,CE and MUD.Moreover,we can detect active users perfectly for multi-carrier NOMA system.

Generating Questions Based on Semi-Automated and End-to-End Neural Network

With the emergence of large-scale knowledge base,how to use triple information to generate natural questions is a key technology in question answering systems.The traditional way of generating questions require a lot of manual intervention and produce lots of noise.To solve these problems,we propose a joint model based on semi-automated model and End-to-End neural network to automatically generate questions.The semi-automated model can generate question templates and real questions combining the knowledge base and center graph.The End-to-End neural network directly sends the knowledge base and real questions to BiLSTM network.Meanwhile,the attention mechanism is utilized in the decoding layer,which makes the triples and generated questions more relevant.Finally,the experimental results on SimpleQuestions demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.

Protein-Protein Interaction Extraction Based on Convex Combination Kernel Function

Owing to the effect of classified models was different in Protein-Protein Interaction(PPI) extraction, which was made by different single kernel functions, and only using single kernel function hardly trained the optimal classified model to extract PPI, this paper presents a strategy to find the optimal kernel function from a kernel function set. The strategy is that in the kernel function set which consists of different single kernel functions, endlessly finding the last two kernel functions on the performance in PPI extraction, using their optimal kernel function to replace them, until there is only one kernel function and it’s the final optimal kernel function. Finally, extracting PPI using the classified model made by this kernel function. This paper conducted the PPI extraction experiment on AIMed corpus, the experimental result shows that the optimal convex combination kernel function this paper presents can effectively improve the extraction performance than single kernel function, and it gets the best precision which reaches 65.0 among the similar PPI extraction systems.

Maritime Communications in 5G and Beyond Networks

With the rapid development of marine activities,there has been an increasing use of Internet-of-Things(IoT) devices for maritime applications.This leads to a growing demand for high-speed and ultra-reliable maritime communications.Current maritime communication networks (MCNs) mainly rely on satellites and on-shore base stations (BSs).The former generally provides limited transmission rate while the latter lacks wide-area coverage capability.As a result,the development of current MCN lags far behind the terrestrial fifth-generation (5G) network.

Physical Layer Security for Wireless and Quantum Communications

his special issue is dedicated to security problems in wireless and quan-turn communications. Papers for this issue were invited, and after peer review, eight were selected for publication. The first part of this issue comprises four papers on recent advances in physical layer security forwireless networks. The second Part comprises another four papers on quantum com- munications.

Improved Multiple Feature-electrochemical Thermal Coupling Modeling of Lithium-ion Batteries at Low-temperature with Real-time Coefficient Correction

Monitoring various internal parameters plays a core role in ensuring the safety of lithium-ion batteries in power supply applications.It also influences the sustainability effect and online state of charge prediction.An improved multiple feature-electrochemical thermal coupling modeling method is proposed considering low-temperature performance degradation for the complete characteristic expression of multi-dimensional information.This is to obtain the parameter influence mechanism with a multi-variable coupling relationship.An optimized decoupled deviation strategy is constructed for accurate state of charge prediction with real-time correction of time-varying current and temperature effects.The innovative decoupling method is combined with the functional relationships of state of charge and open-circuit voltage to capture energy management ef-fectively.Then,an adaptive equivalent-prediction model is constructed using the state-space equation and iterative feedback correction,making the proposed model adaptive to fractional calculation.The maximum state of charge estimation errors of the proposed method are 4.57% and 0.223% under the Beijing bus dynamic stress test and dynamic stress test conditions,respectively.The improved multiple feature-electrochemical thermal coupling modeling realizes the effective correction of the current and temperature variations with noise influencing coefficient,and provides an efficient state of charge prediction method adaptive to complex conditions.

Dual-Stage Hybrid Learning Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm for Global Optimization Problems

Particle swarm optimization(PSO)is a type of swarm intelligence algorithm that is frequently used to resolve specific global optimization problems due to its rapid convergence and ease of operation.However,PSO still has certain deficiencies,such as a poor trade-off between exploration and exploitation and premature convergence.Hence,this paper proposes a dual-stage hybrid learning particle swarm optimization(DHLPSO).In the algorithm,the iterative process is partitioned into two stages.The learning strategy used at each stage emphasizes exploration and exploitation,respectively.In the first stage,to increase population variety,a Manhattan distance based learning strategy is proposed.In this strategy,each particle chooses the furthest Manhattan distance particle and a better particle for learning.In the second stage,an excellent example learning strategy is adopted to perform local optimization operations on the population,in which each particle learns from the global optimal particle and a better particle.Utilizing the Gaussian mutation strategy,the algorithm’s searchability in particular multimodal functions is significantly enhanced.On benchmark functions from CEC 2013,DHLPSO is evaluated alongside other PSO variants already in existence.The comparison results clearly demonstrate that,compared to other cutting-edge PSO variations,DHLPSO implements highly competitive performance in handling global optimization problems.