BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM) has been strongly associated with an increased risk of developing cognitive dysfunction and dementia.The mechanisms of diabetes-associated cognitive dysfunction(DACD) have not...BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM) has been strongly associated with an increased risk of developing cognitive dysfunction and dementia.The mechanisms of diabetes-associated cognitive dysfunction(DACD) have not been fully elucidated to date.Some studies proved lower cerebral blood flow(CBF) in the hippocampus was associated with poor executive function and memory in T2DM.Increasing evidence showed that diabetes leads to abnormal vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF) expression and CBF changes in humans and animal models.In this study,we hypothesized that DACD was correlated with CBF alteration as measured by three-dimensional(3D) arterial spin labeling(3D-ASL) and VEGF expression in the hippocampus.AIM To assess the correlation between CBF(measured by 3D-ASL and VEGF expression) and DACD in a rat model of T2DM.METHODS Forty Sprague-Dawley male rats were divided into control and T2DM groups.The T2DM group was established by feeding rats a high-fat diet and glucose to induce impaired glucose tolerance and then injecting them with streptozotocin to induce T2DM.Cognitive function was assessed using the Morris water maze experiment.The CBF changes were measured by 3D-ASL magnetic resonance imaging.VEGF expression was determined using immunofluorescence.RESULTS The escape latency time significantly reduced 15 wk after streptozotocin injection in the T2DM group.The total distance traveled was longer in the T2DM group;also,the platform was crossed fewer times.The percentage of distance in the target zone significantly decreased.CBF decreased in the bilateral hippocampus in the T2DM group.No difference was found between the right CBF value and the left CBF value in the T2DM group.The VEGF expression level in the hippocampus was lower in the T2DM group and correlated with the CBF value.The escape latency negatively correlated with the CBF value.The number of rats crossing the platform positively correlated with the CBF value.CONCLUSION Low CBF in the hippocampus and decreased VEGF expression might be crucial in DACD.CBF measured by 3D-ASL might serve as a noninvasive imaging biomarker for cognitive impairment associated with T2DM.展开更多
Background:Network analyses have been widely utilized to evaluate large datasets,but have not yet been used to explore factors associated with risk behaviours.In combination with traditional regression analysis,networ...Background:Network analyses have been widely utilized to evaluate large datasets,but have not yet been used to explore factors associated with risk behaviours.In combination with traditional regression analysis,network analyses may provide useful information and highlight key factors for reducing needle sharing behaviours among people who inject drugs(PWID).Methods:Sociodemographic data,and information on injection behaviour and sexual practices were collected from a cross-sectional survey that was conducted with PWID in five prefectures of Yunnan province,China.A combination of logistic regression and correlation network analyses were used to explore key factors for reducing needle-sharing behaviours among PWID.Results:In a total of 1049 PWID,37.5%had a history of needle or syringe sharing.The logistic analysis showed that Zhaotong,Qujing,Dehong,or Lincang residents,diazepam use,longer injection duration,needle reuse,and infection with HIV,viral hepatitis,tuberculosis and/or malaria were independently associated with needle sharing.The correlation network analyses showed that,compared to PWID who had never shared needles,PWID who did share needles would achieve harm reduction goals faster and more permanently.HIV serostatus and marital status were found to be closely associated with other risk factors.By combining regression analyses with network analyses,it was shown that PWID who are HIV seropositive will be an ideal target group for harm reduction programs.Conclusion:Needle-sharing behaviours are common among PWID in Yunnan,and harm reduction programs may help PWID who are HIV seropositive reduce risk behaviours and prevent blood borne diseases.展开更多
BACKGROUND Hypoparathyroidism with basal ganglia calcification is clinically rare.Here,we report a case of Fahr’s syndrome due to hypoparathyroidism and review the literature in terms of etiology,clinical manifestati...BACKGROUND Hypoparathyroidism with basal ganglia calcification is clinically rare.Here,we report a case of Fahr’s syndrome due to hypoparathyroidism and review the literature in terms of etiology,clinical manifestation,diagnosis,and treatment.CASE SUMMARY A 62-year-old man experienced repeated twitching of both hands in recent 10 years.On July 28,2017,the patient was admitted to our hospital due to slow response and speech difficulties.On medical examinations,he had a positive Chvostek sign,while no Albright’s hereditary osteodystrophy signs or history of neck surgery or radiation,and his family members had no similar medical history.Laboratory examinations revealed hypocalcemia,hyperphosphatemia,and low parathyroid hormone(PTH)levels.Computed tomography revealed basal ganglia calcification.Based on these investigations,a diagnosis of Fahr’s syndrome due to hypoparathyroidism was suggested.After receiving intravenous calcium gluconate to relieve symptoms,the patient continued to take oral calcium carbonate and calcitriol for treatment.CONCLUSION The possibility of hypoparathyroidism should be considered in patients with chronic hypocalcemia,recurrent tetany,and even neuropsychiatric symptoms.Hypoparathyroidism is a common cause of basal ganglia calcification.Therefore,it is recommended that blood calcium,phosphorus,and PTH levels should be measured in all individuals with basal ganglia calcification to exclude hypoparathyroidism.展开更多
BACKGROUND Diabetic retinopathy(DR)is the driving force of blindness in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM).DR has a high prevalence and lacks effective therapeutic strategies,underscoring the need for early ...BACKGROUND Diabetic retinopathy(DR)is the driving force of blindness in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM).DR has a high prevalence and lacks effective therapeutic strategies,underscoring the need for early prevention and treatment.Yunnan province,located in the southwest plateau of China,has a high prevalence of DR and an underdeveloped economy.AIM To build a clinical prediction model that will enable early prevention and treatment of DR.METHODS In this cross-sectional study,1654 Han population with T2DM were divided into groups without(n=826)and with DR(n=828)based on fundus photography.The DR group was further subdivided into non-proliferative DR(n=403)and proliferative DR(n=425)groups.A univariate analysis and logistic regression analysis were conducted and a clinical decision tree model was constructed.RESULTS Diabetes duration≥10 years,female sex,standing-or supine systolic blood pressure(SBP)≥140 mmHg,and cholesterol≥6.22 mmol/L were risk factors for DR in logistic regression analysis(odds ratio=2.118,1.520,1.417,1.881,and 1.591,respectively).A greater severity of chronic kidney disease(CKD)or hemoglobin A 1c increased the risk of DR in patients with T2DM.In the decision tree model,diabetes duration was the primary risk factor affecting the occurrence of DR in patients with T2DM,followed by CKD stage,supine SBP,standing SBP,and body mass index(BMI).DR classification outcomes were obtained by evaluating standing SBP or BMI according to the CKD stage for diabetes duration<10 years and by evaluating CKD stage according to the supine SBP for diabetes duration≥10 years.CONCLUSION Based on the simple and intuitive decision tree model constructed in this study,DR classification outcomes were easily obtained by evaluating diabetes duration,CKD stage,supine or standing SBP,and BMI.展开更多
Objective:To study the M receptor blocker on inhalation in patients with overlap syndrome(chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome)curative effect analysis.Methods:25 patients with ov...Objective:To study the M receptor blocker on inhalation in patients with overlap syndrome(chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome)curative effect analysis.Methods:25 patients with overlap syndrome as the experimental group,chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients(30)as control group,patients with overlap syndrome use inhaled tiotropium powder treat 30 days,to observe the changes of pulmonary function,polysomnography,and other indicators after treatment.Results:Overlap syndrome were treated by tiotropium bromide inhalation powder,has improved the pulmonary function,the sleep apnea index and lowest nocturnal oxygen saturation after treatment.Conclusion:tiotropium bromide has a preferable effective in treatment of overlap syndrome,COPD and OSAHS are interacting with each other.展开更多
BACKGROUND Only a few cases of carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma arising in the submandibular gland have ever been reported,all with a poor prognosis. The standard treatment for salivary gland carcinoma ex pleomorphic ...BACKGROUND Only a few cases of carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma arising in the submandibular gland have ever been reported,all with a poor prognosis. The standard treatment for salivary gland carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma is surgical resection combined with postoperative radiotherapy,but the necessity of chemotherapy as well as the most appropriate treatment regimen for patients with distant metastasis after radiotherapy remains controversial.CASE SUMMARY This report presents the case of a 73-year-old woman who suffered submandibular gland carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma. She accepted surgery to remove the mass; she was found to have lung metastasis after radiotherapy.Her condition was controlled by chemotherapy with liposomal doxorubicin plus cisplatin.CONCLUSION The positive clinical outcome in the patient reveals that this chemotherapy regimen may be an alternative treatment for such a condition.展开更多
Whether direct manipulation of Parkinson’s disease(PD)risk genes in the adult monkey brain can elicit a Parkinsonian phenotype remains an unsolved issue.Here,we used an adeno-associated virus serotype 9(AAV9)-deliver...Whether direct manipulation of Parkinson’s disease(PD)risk genes in the adult monkey brain can elicit a Parkinsonian phenotype remains an unsolved issue.Here,we used an adeno-associated virus serotype 9(AAV9)-delivered CRISPR/Cas9 system to directly co-edit PINK1 and DJ-1 genes in the substantia nigras(SNs)of two monkey groups:an old group and a middle-aged group.After the operation,the old group exhibited all the classic PD symptoms,including bradykinesia,tremor,and postural instability,accompanied by key pathological hallmarks of PD,such as severe nigral dopaminergic neuron loss(>64%)and evidentα-synuclein pathology in the gene-edited SN.In contrast,the phenotype of their middle-aged counterparts,which also showed clear PD symptoms and pathological hallmarks,were less severe.In addition to the higher final total PD scores and more severe pathological changes,the old group were also more susceptible to gene editing by showing a faster process of PD progression.These results suggested that both genetic and aging factors played important roles in the development of PD in the monkeys.Taken together,this system can effectively develop a large number of genetically-edited PD monkeys in a short time(6–10 months),and thus provides a practical transgenic monkey model for future PD studies.展开更多
Human visual acuity is anatomically determined by the retinal fovea.The ontogenetic development of the fovea can be seriously hindered by oculocutaneous albinism(OCA),which is characterized by a disorder of melanin sy...Human visual acuity is anatomically determined by the retinal fovea.The ontogenetic development of the fovea can be seriously hindered by oculocutaneous albinism(OCA),which is characterized by a disorder of melanin synthesis.Although people of all ethnic backgrounds can be affected,no efficient treatments for OCA have been developed thus far,due partly to the lack of effective animal models.Rhesus macaques are genetically homologous to humans and,most importantly,exhibit structures of the macula and fovea that are similar to those of humans;thus,rhesus macaques present special advantages in the modeling and study of human macular and foveal diseases.In this study,we identified rhesus macaque models with clinical characteristics consistent with those of OCA patients according to observations of ocular behavior,fundus examination,and optical coherence tomography.Genomic sequencing revealed a biallelic p.L312I mutation in TYR and a homozygous p.S788L mutation in OCA2,both of which were further confirmed to affect melanin biosynthesis via in vitro assays.These rhesus macaque models of OCA will be useful animal resources for studying foveal development and for preclinical trials of new therapies for OCA.展开更多
To the Editor:Retinoblastoma(RB)is the most common primary malignant intra-ocular tumor in children.It is thought to be initiated in response to biallelic RB1 inactivation and loss of functional RB protein.Spleen tyro...To the Editor:Retinoblastoma(RB)is the most common primary malignant intra-ocular tumor in children.It is thought to be initiated in response to biallelic RB1 inactivation and loss of functional RB protein.Spleen tyrosine kinase(SYK)plays different roles in the regulation of immunomodulatory signaling and cell proliferation in multiple malignancies,indicating either poor or favorable prognosis.A previous study showed that SYK is the fifth most significant gene and the only up-regulated kinase gene in RB according to the results derived from whole-genome sequencing,and SYK is also required for tumor cell survival.[1]However,the specific role of SYK in RB is still poorly understood.In this study,we examined SYK expression in RB and analyzed its relevance to necrosis and histopathologic high-risk factors(HRFs).展开更多
基金Supported by The Endocrine Clinical Medical Center of Yunnan ProvinceNo.ZX20190202+2 种基金the Fund of the Diabetic Innovation Team in Yunnan Province,No.2019HC002the Special Joint Fund from Yunnan Provincial Department of Science and Technology and Kunming Medical University,Kunming,Yunnan,China,No.2018FE001(-267)the SKY Image Research Fund,China,No. Z-2014-07-2003-12。
文摘BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM) has been strongly associated with an increased risk of developing cognitive dysfunction and dementia.The mechanisms of diabetes-associated cognitive dysfunction(DACD) have not been fully elucidated to date.Some studies proved lower cerebral blood flow(CBF) in the hippocampus was associated with poor executive function and memory in T2DM.Increasing evidence showed that diabetes leads to abnormal vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF) expression and CBF changes in humans and animal models.In this study,we hypothesized that DACD was correlated with CBF alteration as measured by three-dimensional(3D) arterial spin labeling(3D-ASL) and VEGF expression in the hippocampus.AIM To assess the correlation between CBF(measured by 3D-ASL and VEGF expression) and DACD in a rat model of T2DM.METHODS Forty Sprague-Dawley male rats were divided into control and T2DM groups.The T2DM group was established by feeding rats a high-fat diet and glucose to induce impaired glucose tolerance and then injecting them with streptozotocin to induce T2DM.Cognitive function was assessed using the Morris water maze experiment.The CBF changes were measured by 3D-ASL magnetic resonance imaging.VEGF expression was determined using immunofluorescence.RESULTS The escape latency time significantly reduced 15 wk after streptozotocin injection in the T2DM group.The total distance traveled was longer in the T2DM group;also,the platform was crossed fewer times.The percentage of distance in the target zone significantly decreased.CBF decreased in the bilateral hippocampus in the T2DM group.No difference was found between the right CBF value and the left CBF value in the T2DM group.The VEGF expression level in the hippocampus was lower in the T2DM group and correlated with the CBF value.The escape latency negatively correlated with the CBF value.The number of rats crossing the platform positively correlated with the CBF value.CONCLUSION Low CBF in the hippocampus and decreased VEGF expression might be crucial in DACD.CBF measured by 3D-ASL might serve as a noninvasive imaging biomarker for cognitive impairment associated with T2DM.
基金supported in part by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(81271892,U1302224,U1202228)the Key Scientific and Technological Program of China(2012ZX10001-006,2012ZX10001-007)。
文摘Background:Network analyses have been widely utilized to evaluate large datasets,but have not yet been used to explore factors associated with risk behaviours.In combination with traditional regression analysis,network analyses may provide useful information and highlight key factors for reducing needle sharing behaviours among people who inject drugs(PWID).Methods:Sociodemographic data,and information on injection behaviour and sexual practices were collected from a cross-sectional survey that was conducted with PWID in five prefectures of Yunnan province,China.A combination of logistic regression and correlation network analyses were used to explore key factors for reducing needle-sharing behaviours among PWID.Results:In a total of 1049 PWID,37.5%had a history of needle or syringe sharing.The logistic analysis showed that Zhaotong,Qujing,Dehong,or Lincang residents,diazepam use,longer injection duration,needle reuse,and infection with HIV,viral hepatitis,tuberculosis and/or malaria were independently associated with needle sharing.The correlation network analyses showed that,compared to PWID who had never shared needles,PWID who did share needles would achieve harm reduction goals faster and more permanently.HIV serostatus and marital status were found to be closely associated with other risk factors.By combining regression analyses with network analyses,it was shown that PWID who are HIV seropositive will be an ideal target group for harm reduction programs.Conclusion:Needle-sharing behaviours are common among PWID in Yunnan,and harm reduction programs may help PWID who are HIV seropositive reduce risk behaviours and prevent blood borne diseases.
基金Supported by Endocrine Clinical Medical Center of Yunnan Province,No.ZX2019-02-02Endocrine Clinical Medical Center of Yunnan Province,No.ZX2019-02-02+5 种基金Natural Science Foundation of China(No.81760734No.31660313)Natural Science Foundation of Yunnan Province(No.2017FA048No.2017FE467)the fund of Diabetic Innovation Team(No.2019HC002)the fund of medical leader in Yunnan Province(No.L-201609)
文摘BACKGROUND Hypoparathyroidism with basal ganglia calcification is clinically rare.Here,we report a case of Fahr’s syndrome due to hypoparathyroidism and review the literature in terms of etiology,clinical manifestation,diagnosis,and treatment.CASE SUMMARY A 62-year-old man experienced repeated twitching of both hands in recent 10 years.On July 28,2017,the patient was admitted to our hospital due to slow response and speech difficulties.On medical examinations,he had a positive Chvostek sign,while no Albright’s hereditary osteodystrophy signs or history of neck surgery or radiation,and his family members had no similar medical history.Laboratory examinations revealed hypocalcemia,hyperphosphatemia,and low parathyroid hormone(PTH)levels.Computed tomography revealed basal ganglia calcification.Based on these investigations,a diagnosis of Fahr’s syndrome due to hypoparathyroidism was suggested.After receiving intravenous calcium gluconate to relieve symptoms,the patient continued to take oral calcium carbonate and calcitriol for treatment.CONCLUSION The possibility of hypoparathyroidism should be considered in patients with chronic hypocalcemia,recurrent tetany,and even neuropsychiatric symptoms.Hypoparathyroidism is a common cause of basal ganglia calcification.Therefore,it is recommended that blood calcium,phosphorus,and PTH levels should be measured in all individuals with basal ganglia calcification to exclude hypoparathyroidism.
基金Supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China,No.82160159Natural Science Foundation of Yunnan Province,No.202101AY070001-199+1 种基金Scientific Research Fund of Yunnan Education Department,No.2021J0303Postgraduate Innovation Fund of Kunming Medical University,No.2020D009.
文摘BACKGROUND Diabetic retinopathy(DR)is the driving force of blindness in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM).DR has a high prevalence and lacks effective therapeutic strategies,underscoring the need for early prevention and treatment.Yunnan province,located in the southwest plateau of China,has a high prevalence of DR and an underdeveloped economy.AIM To build a clinical prediction model that will enable early prevention and treatment of DR.METHODS In this cross-sectional study,1654 Han population with T2DM were divided into groups without(n=826)and with DR(n=828)based on fundus photography.The DR group was further subdivided into non-proliferative DR(n=403)and proliferative DR(n=425)groups.A univariate analysis and logistic regression analysis were conducted and a clinical decision tree model was constructed.RESULTS Diabetes duration≥10 years,female sex,standing-or supine systolic blood pressure(SBP)≥140 mmHg,and cholesterol≥6.22 mmol/L were risk factors for DR in logistic regression analysis(odds ratio=2.118,1.520,1.417,1.881,and 1.591,respectively).A greater severity of chronic kidney disease(CKD)or hemoglobin A 1c increased the risk of DR in patients with T2DM.In the decision tree model,diabetes duration was the primary risk factor affecting the occurrence of DR in patients with T2DM,followed by CKD stage,supine SBP,standing SBP,and body mass index(BMI).DR classification outcomes were obtained by evaluating standing SBP or BMI according to the CKD stage for diabetes duration<10 years and by evaluating CKD stage according to the supine SBP for diabetes duration≥10 years.CONCLUSION Based on the simple and intuitive decision tree model constructed in this study,DR classification outcomes were easily obtained by evaluating diabetes duration,CKD stage,supine or standing SBP,and BMI.
文摘Objective:To study the M receptor blocker on inhalation in patients with overlap syndrome(chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome)curative effect analysis.Methods:25 patients with overlap syndrome as the experimental group,chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients(30)as control group,patients with overlap syndrome use inhaled tiotropium powder treat 30 days,to observe the changes of pulmonary function,polysomnography,and other indicators after treatment.Results:Overlap syndrome were treated by tiotropium bromide inhalation powder,has improved the pulmonary function,the sleep apnea index and lowest nocturnal oxygen saturation after treatment.Conclusion:tiotropium bromide has a preferable effective in treatment of overlap syndrome,COPD and OSAHS are interacting with each other.
文摘BACKGROUND Only a few cases of carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma arising in the submandibular gland have ever been reported,all with a poor prognosis. The standard treatment for salivary gland carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma is surgical resection combined with postoperative radiotherapy,but the necessity of chemotherapy as well as the most appropriate treatment regimen for patients with distant metastasis after radiotherapy remains controversial.CASE SUMMARY This report presents the case of a 73-year-old woman who suffered submandibular gland carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma. She accepted surgery to remove the mass; she was found to have lung metastasis after radiotherapy.Her condition was controlled by chemotherapy with liposomal doxorubicin plus cisplatin.CONCLUSION The positive clinical outcome in the patient reveals that this chemotherapy regimen may be an alternative treatment for such a condition.
基金This work was supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2018YFA0801403)the Key-Area Research and Development Program of Guangdong Province(2019B030335001)+6 种基金the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDB32060200)the National Program for Key Basic Research Projects(973 Program:2015CB755605)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(81471312,81771387,81460352,81500983,31700897,31700910,31800901,31625013,and 91732302)the Applied Basic Research Programs of Science and Technology Commission Foundation of Yunnan Province(2017FB109,2018FB052,2018FB053,2019FA007,and 202001AT070130)Chinese Academy of Sciences"Light of West China"Program,Shanghai Brain-Intelligence Project from Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality(16JC1420501)Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology Major Project(2018SHZDZX05)Open Large Infrastructure Research of Chinese Academy of Sciences,and China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2018M631105).
文摘Whether direct manipulation of Parkinson’s disease(PD)risk genes in the adult monkey brain can elicit a Parkinsonian phenotype remains an unsolved issue.Here,we used an adeno-associated virus serotype 9(AAV9)-delivered CRISPR/Cas9 system to directly co-edit PINK1 and DJ-1 genes in the substantia nigras(SNs)of two monkey groups:an old group and a middle-aged group.After the operation,the old group exhibited all the classic PD symptoms,including bradykinesia,tremor,and postural instability,accompanied by key pathological hallmarks of PD,such as severe nigral dopaminergic neuron loss(>64%)and evidentα-synuclein pathology in the gene-edited SN.In contrast,the phenotype of their middle-aged counterparts,which also showed clear PD symptoms and pathological hallmarks,were less severe.In addition to the higher final total PD scores and more severe pathological changes,the old group were also more susceptible to gene editing by showing a faster process of PD progression.These results suggested that both genetic and aging factors played important roles in the development of PD in the monkeys.Taken together,this system can effectively develop a large number of genetically-edited PD monkeys in a short time(6–10 months),and thus provides a practical transgenic monkey model for future PD studies.
基金This study was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China(81522014,81970838)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2017YFA0105300)+3 种基金the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(LQ17H120005)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2017M620235)the CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences(CIFMS,2016-I2M-2-001)the Chinese Institute for Brain Research,Beijing(CIBR,Z18110000151800).
文摘Human visual acuity is anatomically determined by the retinal fovea.The ontogenetic development of the fovea can be seriously hindered by oculocutaneous albinism(OCA),which is characterized by a disorder of melanin synthesis.Although people of all ethnic backgrounds can be affected,no efficient treatments for OCA have been developed thus far,due partly to the lack of effective animal models.Rhesus macaques are genetically homologous to humans and,most importantly,exhibit structures of the macula and fovea that are similar to those of humans;thus,rhesus macaques present special advantages in the modeling and study of human macular and foveal diseases.In this study,we identified rhesus macaque models with clinical characteristics consistent with those of OCA patients according to observations of ocular behavior,fundus examination,and optical coherence tomography.Genomic sequencing revealed a biallelic p.L312I mutation in TYR and a homozygous p.S788L mutation in OCA2,both of which were further confirmed to affect melanin biosynthesis via in vitro assays.These rhesus macaque models of OCA will be useful animal resources for studying foveal development and for preclinical trials of new therapies for OCA.
基金This study was supported by a grant from the Science Foundation of the Second People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province(No.2019YNXM004).
文摘To the Editor:Retinoblastoma(RB)is the most common primary malignant intra-ocular tumor in children.It is thought to be initiated in response to biallelic RB1 inactivation and loss of functional RB protein.Spleen tyrosine kinase(SYK)plays different roles in the regulation of immunomodulatory signaling and cell proliferation in multiple malignancies,indicating either poor or favorable prognosis.A previous study showed that SYK is the fifth most significant gene and the only up-regulated kinase gene in RB according to the results derived from whole-genome sequencing,and SYK is also required for tumor cell survival.[1]However,the specific role of SYK in RB is still poorly understood.In this study,we examined SYK expression in RB and analyzed its relevance to necrosis and histopathologic high-risk factors(HRFs).