Macrophages are dominant innate immune cells.They demonstrate remarkable het-erogeneity and plasticity that are essential for homeostasis and host defense.The heterogeneity of tissue macrophages is shaped by the ontog...Macrophages are dominant innate immune cells.They demonstrate remarkable het-erogeneity and plasticity that are essential for homeostasis and host defense.The heterogeneity of tissue macrophages is shaped by the ontogeny,tissue factors,and environmental signals,a pattern in a tissue-associated latitudinal manner.At the same time,macrophages have long been considered as mainly plastic cells.These cells respond to stimulation quickly and in a stimulus-specific way by utilizing a longitudinal cascaded activation,including coordination of signal trans-ducer,epigenetic elements,and transcription factors,conclusively determine the macrophage phenotypes and functions.With the development of cutting-edge technologies,such as fate-mapping,single-cell transcriptomics,ipsc platform,nanotherapeutic materials,etc.,our under-standing of macrophage biology and the roles in the pathogenesis of diseases is much advanced.This review summarizes recent progress on the latitudinal and longitudinal regulation of tissue macrophages in inflammatory diseases.The latitudinal regulation covers the tissue macrophage or-igins,tissue factors,and environmental signals,reflecting the macrophage heterogeneity.The lon-gitudinal regulation focuses on how multiple factors shape the phenotypes and functions of macrophage subsets to gain plasticity in inflammatory diseases(i.e.,inflammatory bowel disease).In addition,how to target macrophages as a potential therapeutic approach and cutting edge-technologies for tissue macrophage study are also discussed in this review.展开更多
基金funded by US National Institutes of Health(NIH)-NIAID R21AI151943.
文摘Macrophages are dominant innate immune cells.They demonstrate remarkable het-erogeneity and plasticity that are essential for homeostasis and host defense.The heterogeneity of tissue macrophages is shaped by the ontogeny,tissue factors,and environmental signals,a pattern in a tissue-associated latitudinal manner.At the same time,macrophages have long been considered as mainly plastic cells.These cells respond to stimulation quickly and in a stimulus-specific way by utilizing a longitudinal cascaded activation,including coordination of signal trans-ducer,epigenetic elements,and transcription factors,conclusively determine the macrophage phenotypes and functions.With the development of cutting-edge technologies,such as fate-mapping,single-cell transcriptomics,ipsc platform,nanotherapeutic materials,etc.,our under-standing of macrophage biology and the roles in the pathogenesis of diseases is much advanced.This review summarizes recent progress on the latitudinal and longitudinal regulation of tissue macrophages in inflammatory diseases.The latitudinal regulation covers the tissue macrophage or-igins,tissue factors,and environmental signals,reflecting the macrophage heterogeneity.The lon-gitudinal regulation focuses on how multiple factors shape the phenotypes and functions of macrophage subsets to gain plasticity in inflammatory diseases(i.e.,inflammatory bowel disease).In addition,how to target macrophages as a potential therapeutic approach and cutting edge-technologies for tissue macrophage study are also discussed in this review.
