A parameterization scheme of vertical mixing due to inertial internal wave breaking in the ocean general circulation model

Based on the theoretical spectral model of inertial internal wave breaking （fine structure） proposed previ- ously, in which the effects of the horizontal Coriolis frequency component f-tilde on a potential isopycnal are taken into account, a parameterization scheme of vertical mixing in the stably stratified interior be- low the surface mixed layer in the ocean general circulation model （OGCM） is put forward preliminarily in this paper. Besides turbulence, the impact of sub-mesoscale oceanic processes （including inertial internal wave breaking product） on oceanic interior mixing is emphasized. We suggest that adding the inertial inter- hal wave breaking mixing scheme （F-scheme for short） put forward in this paper to the turbulence mixing scheme of Canuto et al. （T-scheme for short） in the OGCM, except the region from 15°S to 15°N. The numeri- cal results ofF-scheme by usingWOA09 data and an OGCM （LICOM, LASG/IAP climate system ocean model） over the global ocean are given. A notable improvement in the simulation of salinity and temperature over the global ocean is attained by using T-scheme adding F-scheme, especially in the mid- and high-latitude regions in the simulation of the intermediate water and deep water. We conjecture that the inertial internal wave breaking mixing and inertial forcing of wind might be one of important mechanisms maintaining the ventilation process. The modeling strength of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation （AMOC） by using T-scheme adding F-scheme may be more reasonable than that by using T-scheme alone, though the physical processes need to be further studied, and the overflow parameterization needs to be incorporated. A shortcoming in F-scheme is that in this paper the error of simulated salinity and temperature by using T-scheme adding F-scheme is larger than that by using T-scheme alone in the subsurface layer.

China's First Exploration of Chukchi Sea and Its Adjacent Waters in the ArcticA Study on Lead Geochemistry of Atmospheric Aerosol

The Pb concentrations of atmospheric aerosol in the Chukchi Sea of the Arctic vary within the range of 0.167- 0.962 ng/m3, with an average of 0.532 ng/m3. These concentration values are 200 times higher than the natural background values of snow samples there. Calculation of the Pb enrichment factor of aerosol indicates that the ocean- and continent-source lead account for 9.23% and 0.01%, respectively, but industrially released Pb accounts for more than 90% of the atmospheric Pb. The Pb isotopic composition of aerosol has revealed that the sources of lead from industrial lead that causes pollution include mainly the western part of North America, East Europe and the former Soviet Union. The calculation of the total fallout flux of Pb indicates that the mean value of input flux into the Chukchi Sea is 0.02 mgm -2a -1,equivalent to that of southern Pacific but slightly lower than that of northern Indian Sea and southern Atlantic. It is evidenced that the Pb input flux into the Chukchi Sea is far lower than that off the Baltic Sea, the North Sea and the Mediterranean Sea.

Spatial structure and seasonal changes of nekton assemblages in the Taiwan Strait

The Taiwan Strait is a transition zone between the East China Sea and the South China Sea with unique hydrology and a geographical environment that creates special marine community features.To analyze the spatial structure and seasonal changes of the nekton assemblages in the Taiwan Strait,seasonal experimental trawl surveys were conducted during 2006-2007.The results showed that there were two assemblages in the area with different sets of species,and the average similarity within each group varies between 39.38% and 74.20%.By using multivariate statistical analysis and analyzing the distribution of dominant species,we found that the structures of the assemblages had obvious seasonal variation.The middle region from the Putian transect to the Xiamen transect could be considered a mixing area for the two assemblages.The analysis of the relationship between species assemblages and environmental factors indicated that temperature was the most important factor affecting the community structure in cold seasons,and 22.5°C and 17°C could be considered dividing lines for spring and winter,respectively.In warm seasons,the most important factor was water depth,but the relationship with depth was not as significant,with a correlation between 0.264 and 0.399.The seasonal changes of nekton assemblages basically reflected the dynamic currents in the Taiwan Strait.The south coastal assemblage extended to nearly the entire area of the Taiwan Strait along with a strong and intense warm current that shrinks in spring and winter when the southward intrusion of the cold Zhejiang-Fujian coastal current becomes stronger.The impact of shortterm and long-term environmental changes,such as extreme weather,global warming and human activity on nekton assemblages,had been recognized but need further research.Our study on nekton assemblages could be used as a baseline for measuring future changes.

Study on fish life history traits and variation in the Taiwan Strait and its adjacent waters

Large portions of the world＇s fishery resources are overexploited. Life history traits of fish species are important indicators to reveal different life history strategies and to indicate population responses to fishing pressures. For this study, empirical data on fishing grounds located in the coastal area between Fujian Coast and Taiwan Island were collected. These areas have experienced severe overfishing in the past 30 years, leading to changes in the structure and function of the fish communities. Fifty-one commercial fish species in this fishing ground were selected to study the life history traits. Using the life history traits, all the species were grouped into five different life history strategies by principle component analysis. More than 60% of the species were categorized in Group 5 that was similar to r-strategists. Twenty-five commercial species were selected for further analysis of changes in life history variables, and to discuss the population responses to exploitation. Results showed that most of the species appeared to become smaller size, shorter life, earlier maturation and faster growing under long-term exploitation. The exploitation rate of each species was also calculated to further discuss the impacts of fishing pressures to fish populations. Four species were found with the severest changes on life history traits indicating some of the species might be more susceptible to exploitation. This study on fish life history traits and their long-term variations under fishing pressures could provide important scientific implications for fishery management and conservation.

A New Indicator for Global Food Security Assessment: Harvested Area Rather Than Cropland Area

Cropland area has long been used as a key indicator of food security.However,grain yield is not solely controlled by the area of the cropland.Therefore,we proposed a new indicator to assess food security.Results show that from 1992 to 2004,the global cropland area increased by 840200 km^(2)(99.4%),but the grain yield increased only by 310 million t(29.1%);and from 2004 to 2015,the cropland area decreased by 39000 km^(2)(4.64%),but the grain yield increased by 370 million t(70.84%).This result showed that grain yield was not linearly correlated with cropland area,and delimiting the threshold of cropland protection may not guarantee food security.Combined with further correlation analysis,we found that the increase in the global grain yield was more closely related to the harvested area(R^(2)=0.94),which indicated that the harvested area is a more scientific and accurate indicator than cropland area in terms of guaranteeing food security.Therefore,if governments want to ensure the food security,they should choose a new and more accurate indicator:harvested area rather than cropland area.

Layered zirconium phosphate-supported metalloporphyrin:Synthesis and catalytic application

This paper reports a new route for the preparation of layered alpha-zirconium phosphate （α-ZrP）-supported metalloporphyrin MnTMPyP. MnTMPyP was intercalated into α-ZrP using α-ZrP.BA （i.e. pre-intercalated bultylamine was arranged by a monolayer mode in α-ZrP） as a starting material. The catalytic activity of the supported material for homovanillic acid （HVA） oxidation was investigated. The results showed a promising layered material-supported catalyst in catalytic system.

Analysis of monthly variability of thermocline in the South China Sea

This study analyzes monthly variability of thermocline and its mechanism in the South China Sea （SCS）. The study is based on 51-year （1960-2010） monthly seawater temperature and surface wind stress data from Simple Ocean Data Assimilation （SODA）, together with heat flux, precipitation and evaporation data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction （NCEP）, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration （NOAA） and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, respectively. The results reveal that the upper boundary depth （Zup）, lower boundary depth （Zlow）, thickness （AZ） and intensity （Tz） of thermocline in the SCS show remarkable monthly variability. Being averaged for the deep basin of SCS, Zup deepens gradually from May to the following January and then shoals from February to May, while Zow varies little throughout the whole year. Further diagnostics indicates that the monthly variability of Zup is mainly caused by the buoyancy flux and wind stress curl. Using a linear method, the impacts of the buoyancy flux and wind stress curl on Zup can be quantitatively distinguished. The results suggest that Zup tends to deepen about 4.6 m when the buoyancy flux increases by 1 × 10.5 kg/（m·s3）, while it shoals about 2.5 m when the wind stress curl strengthens by 1 × 10-7 N/m3.

The On-Vehicle Inspection System Based on Passive UHF RFID

This article introduces a design theory of vehicle-related management in forms of system linkage in a certain close environment.It analyses the technology advantages,working principles,system structures and design solutions of the scene inspection system based on passive UHF RFID technology,which has functions of data capturing,image collection,wireless data transmission and provision of warning alerts.The system enables scene disposal of vehicle-related management in a specific environment,people management in large-scale events and management of important materials.The system has the capability of rapid network connection and scene inspection especially in emergencies and public security affairs,in which advance deployment is normally inefficient.The system has been successfully applied in the vehicle safety monitoring system in the 2010 Shanghai World Expo Park.

Comparative study of hydrographic conditions for algal bloom formation in the coastal waters of east and west of Hong Kong during 1998

Phytoplankton abundance was found to be positively correlated with seasonal changes of seawater temperature in Port Shelter and Lamma Channel, Hong Kong in 1998. Rising water temperature from around 20℃ to 25℃ coincided with an increase in phytoplankton abundance at both locations. Heavy rains from June to September reduced salinity from 30 to 20, but the decrease in salinity was not correlated with a decline in phytoplankton abundance. In spring 1998, over 0.6×10^6 cells dm^-3 and 0.1× 10^6 cells dm^-3 of the dinoflagellate, Gymnodinium mikimotoi Miyake et Kominami ex Oda occurred in the coastal waters of Port Shelter and Lamina Channel, respectively. High abundance of the dinoflagellate Ceratium furca （Ehr.） Claparede et Lachmann （〉1×10^6 cells dm^-3） produced long-lasting blooms in the waters of Port Shelter from September to October in 1998. The abundances of both diatoms and dinoflagellates were significantly lower in the waters of Lamina Channel than those in Port Shelter due to the less frequent blooms in 1998. Hydrographic conditions such as stable water masses and water column stratification were the main reasons for the differences in the algal abundance and bloom frequency found between the two locations since neither of the two areas appeared to be nutrient-limited. This type water condition for the formation of algal bloom in Port Shelter has not been reported previously and it is not a general case for many bays along China＇s coast where algal bloom occurs as well.

Research on the Diets Determination for Initial Feeding of Anguilla mormorata Glass Eel

[ Objective] To find a suital;）le food for initial feeding of Anguilla mormorata glass eels. [ Method] A pre -weaning feeding experiment was conducted indoor in fiberglass tanks, three different diets, Tubifex, minced octopus flesh and 1：1 mixture （ by weight ） of Tubffex and minced octo- pus flesh were introduced, r Result] All three kinds of diets were acceptable to A. morrnorata glass eels, and of three diets, the minced octopus flesh could serve as the best food for initial feeding of A. mormorata glass eels, which contributed 93% survival at the termination of the 21 - day＇s exped- ment and provided with relatively fast growth and homogeneous size variation. [ Conclusion] The minced octopus flesh can serve as a suitable food to replace Tubifex for the initial feeding of anguilla glass eels.

Flow Visualization of Supersonic Flow over a Finite Cylinder

The flow structures of a supersonic flow over a cylinder with a finite height are investigated using the method of flow visualization with nanoparticle-based planar laser scattering(NPLS),in a supersonic quiet wind tunnel at Ma=2.68.The complex structures of shock waves and three-dimensional vortices in a supersonic flow over a finite cylinder are visualized.Based on the time correlation of NPLS images,the time-space evolutionary characteristics of the coherent structures in a supersonic flow over a finite cylinder are studied,and the evolutionary characteristics of the coherent structure in the flow direction are obtained,which are used to identify the model and rotation direction of shedding vortices.

Modeling effective viscosity reduction behaviour of solid suspensions

Under a simple shearing flow, the effective viscosity of solid suspensions can be reduced by controlling the inclusion particle size or the number of inclusion particles in a unit volume. Based on the Stokes equation, the transformation field method is used to model the reduction behaviour of effective viscosity of solid suspensions theoretically by enlarging the particle size at a given high concentration of particles. With a lot of samples of random cubic particles in a unit cell, our statistical results show that at the same higher concentration, the effective viscosity of solid suspensions can be reduced by increasing the particle size or reducing the number of inclusion particles in a unit volume. This work discloses the viscosity reduction mechanism of increasing particle size, which is observed experimentally.

Study of numerical simulation on dual-frequency IP method with FEM

Using the finite element method and Cole-Cole model for dual-frequency IP method to research numerical simulation, the authors introduced the fundamental principle of the dual-frequency IP method and the boundary value problem and variational equations, then replaced the complex resistivity of the model with the Cole-Cole model's parameters under ignoring the EM effect. Through solving the last linear equations, electric potentials of all the model's points were obtained. With changing model's parameters, the authors got different curves of the Fs and phases. According to the results of the simulation, the algorithm is proved to be correct and adaptable.

Effects of live rock on removal of dissolved inorganic nitrogen in coral aquaria

Maintaining stable water quality is one of the key processes for recirculating coral aquaculture. Traditional aquarium systems which mainly utilized a nitrification of nitrifying bacteria attached to the surface of massive artificial filter material are difficult to maintain the oligotrophic conditions necessary for coral aquaculture. This study investigated the removal effects of dissolved inorganic nitrogen（ammonia and nitrate） by live rock（LR）, a key component in the ＂Berlin system＂ coral aquarium. The expression levels of bacterial functional genes, AOA3,amo A and nos Z, were measured on the exterior and interior of LR. The nitrifying and denitrifying bacterial abundance on LR was quantified and the nitrogen nutrient regulatory effects of LR were evaluated. The results demonstrated that LR mainly removed ammonium（NH_4~＋） from the water with a mean efficiency of 0.141 mg/（kg·h）, while the removal of nitrate（NO_3~–） was not significant. Bacterial diversity analysis showed that ammonia-oxidizing bacteria（AOB） were the most common bacteria on LR, which accounted for 0.5%–1.4% of the total bacterial population, followed by denitrifying bacteria, which accounted for 0.2% of the total population, and the ammonia-oxidizing archaea（AOA） were the least common type（〈0.01%）. The low abundance of denitrifying bacteria may be responsible for the poor nitrate（NO_3~–） removal of LR. Thus, other biological filtration methods are needed in coral aquaria to control nitrates generated from nitrification or biological metabolism.

Chemistry of Aerosols over Chukchi Sea and Bering Sea

The contents of elements in aerosols sampled during the First Chinese Arctic Research Expedition (CHINARE-1) show great differences from one element to another. Na, K, Ca, Mg, Al, F, and Cl are the major components in the aerosols, whose contents are larger than 30 ng/m+3. The chemical elements whose contents vary between {0.1}-30 ng/m+3 are Br, Sr, Cr, Ni, and Zn. The chemical elements whose contents are close to or slightly higher than {0.1} ng/m+3 are Rb, Ba, Zr, Th, and Pb. The contents of As, Sb, W, Mo, Au, La, Ce, Nd, Sm, Eu, Tb, Yb, Lu, Sc, Co, Hf, Ta, and Cd are less than {0.1} ng/m+3. The mass concentration data for the same element, as observed during CHINARE-1, are almost accordant, but much lower than what is observed in the China’s seas or the coasts of China. The enrichment factor and electron microscopic analyses and lead isotope tracing were used to distinguish their sources. Four groups of sources can be classified as follows: anthropogenic: As, Sb, W, F, Mo, Au, Cu, Pb, Cd, V; crustal: La, Ce, Nd, Sm, Eu, Tb, Yb, Lu, Fe, Sc, Cr, Co, Ba, Zr, Hf, Ta, Cs, Mn, Th, U; oceanic:Na, K, Ca, and Mg; and mixing: Rb, Sr, Ca, and Mg.

First record of genera Rutilaria and Trigonium(Bacillariophyta) and 11 diatom taxa(species and varieties) in South China Sea

Diatom taxa in samples collected from the uppermost 1-cm sediment of the South China Sea （SCS） during cruises in 2000, 2001, and 2007 were investigated. Among them, two genera, Rutilaria and Trigoniurn, and 11 marine taxa （species and varieties） were described for the first time in China. The 11 taxa, Rutilaria radiata, Asterolampra grevillei, Biddulphia turrigera, Cocconeis cyclophora var. decora, Cocconeis ocellata, Dictyoneis rnarginata, Entogonia davyana, Tryblionella campechiana, Plagiogramma kinkeri, Plagiogramma nankoorense and Trigonium cf. contumax, were mainly extant species, although Rutilaria radiata and Entogonia davyana are fossils. Available data show that these species are mainly present in the eastern and western Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean. A large number of taxa newly recorded in this study were previously reported in the Philippines. The presence of these taxa in both locations is likely a result of seawater exchange in the SCS through the Bashi Channel Taxonomic descriptions, habitats, and distributions of each diatom taxon are provided herein.

Estimation of vertical diffusion coefficient based on a onedimensional temperature diffusion equation with an inverse method

Diapycnal mixing is important in oceanic circulation. An inverse method in which a semi-explicit scheme is applied to discretize the one-dimensional temperature diffusion equation is established to estimate the vertical temperature diffusion coefficient based on the observed temperature profiles. The sensitivity of the inverse model in the idealized and actual conditions is tested in detail. It can be found that this inverse model has high feasibility under multiple situations ensuring the stability of the inverse model, and can be considered as an efficient way to estimate the temperature diffusion coefficient in the weak current regions of the ocean. Here, the hydrographic profiles from Argo floats are used to estimate the temporal and spatial distribution of the vertical mixing in the north central Pacific based on this inverse method. It is further found that the vertical mixing in the upper ocean displays a distinct seasonal variation with the amplitude decreasing with depth, and the vertical mixing over rough topography is stronger than that over smooth topography It is suggested that the high-resolution profiles from Argo floats and a more reasonable design of the inverse scheme will serve to understand mixing processes.

Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectra of Amino Acid Methyl Ester 5′-Phosphoramidates of 2′,3′-Isopropylideneuridine

Amino acid methyl ester phosphates were synthesized and determined by using positive-ion mode dectrospmy ionization mass spectrometry（ESIMS） in combination with multistage tandem mass spectrometry. The fragmentation pathways were investigated, and it was observed that most fragment ions contained the phosphoryl group. It was interesting to observe that the fragmentation pathways of the protonated molecule show some differences when compared with those of the sodium ion adduct. The methoxy group of amino acid methyl ester can migrate from the carbonyl group to the phosphoryl group in the sodium ion adduct.

Advances in Application of Environmental-friendly Seaweed Polysaccharide Biomaterials

Seaweed polysaccharides are a type of natural high-molecular active substances extracted and purified from seaweed. They are formed from different mon- esaccharide units through glucosidic bonds, with the advantages of high viscosity, good gel property, environmental-friendly and low cost. In this review, we focus on the progress of the application of seaweed polysaecharides in the fields including food, medicine, tissue engineering and environment engineering, where seaweed polysaccharides are used as food additives, edible coating materials, drug-release materials, medical dressing, tissue scaffolds and environmental adsorption materi- als. Introducing special properties, such as targeting, electrical conductivity and thermasensitivity, and designing bionic controllable micro/nanostructures to fabri- cate and develop multi-functional, intelligent seaweed polysaccharides would be the research hotspot in the future.

Geochronology and geochemistry of Hutouya monzonitic granite of Qimantage， Qinghai

The geochemical features of the monzonitic granite in Qimantage Hutouya deposit area,Qinghai,in respect to the mineralization,suggest that this granite belongs to weak peraluminous and high-k calc alkaline rock series. The REE of the samples show right slope with obvious LREE/HREE differentiation and negative Eu abnormity. The trace elements show enrichment of LILE( Rb,Th,U,La,Nd),and deleption of Ba,Sr,Nd,P,Ti. The Sr-Nb isotopic data indicate that the magma source is mainly aluminosilicate lower crust with a small amount of new crustal materials. The weighted mean zircon U-Pbage of the Hutouya monzonitic granite is 221±1.7 Ma,belonging to Late Triassic. The Hutouya monzonitic granite was formed in the tectonic setting of transition from compression to extension during Middle-Late Triassic.