With the incidence reports of pancreatic cancer increasing every year,research over the last several decades has been focused on the means to achieve early diagnosis in patients that are at a high risk of developing t...With the incidence reports of pancreatic cancer increasing every year,research over the last several decades has been focused on the means to achieve early diagnosis in patients that are at a high risk of developing the malignancy.This review covers current strategies for managing pancreatic cancer and further discusses efforts in understanding the role of early onset symp-toms leading to tumor progression.Recent investigations in this discussion include type 3c diabetes,selected biomarkers and pathways related to pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia lesions,drug resistance,and advances in nanomedicine which may provide significant solutions for improving early detection and treatments in future medicine.展开更多
Early after priming, effector CD8 T cells are distinguished into memory precursor and short-lived effector cell subsets （MPECs and SLECs）. Here, we delineated a distinct in vivo heterogeneity in killer cell lectin-l...Early after priming, effector CD8 T cells are distinguished into memory precursor and short-lived effector cell subsets （MPECs and SLECs）. Here, we delineated a distinct in vivo heterogeneity in killer cell lectin-like receptor G1 （KLRG-1） expression, which was strongly associated with diverse MPEC and SLEC fates. These in vivo MPECs and SLECs expressed equivalent levels of cytotoxic molecules and effector cytokines. Using a unique in vivodegranulation assay, we found that the MPECs and SLECs similarly encountered infected target cells and elaborated equivalent levels of cytotoxicity in vivo. These data provide direct in vivoevidence that memory-fated ceils pass through a robust effector phase. Additionally, the preferential localization of the MPECs in the lymph nodes, where a lesser degree of cytotoxicity was elaborated, suggests that the MPECs may be protected from excessive stimulation and terminal differentiation by virtue of their differential tissue localization. These data provide novel mechanistic insights into the linear decreasing potential model of memory differentiation.展开更多
基金Supported by the National Institutes of Health(NIH)R01 Grant 5R01CA167535-02
文摘With the incidence reports of pancreatic cancer increasing every year,research over the last several decades has been focused on the means to achieve early diagnosis in patients that are at a high risk of developing the malignancy.This review covers current strategies for managing pancreatic cancer and further discusses efforts in understanding the role of early onset symp-toms leading to tumor progression.Recent investigations in this discussion include type 3c diabetes,selected biomarkers and pathways related to pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia lesions,drug resistance,and advances in nanomedicine which may provide significant solutions for improving early detection and treatments in future medicine.
文摘Early after priming, effector CD8 T cells are distinguished into memory precursor and short-lived effector cell subsets （MPECs and SLECs）. Here, we delineated a distinct in vivo heterogeneity in killer cell lectin-like receptor G1 （KLRG-1） expression, which was strongly associated with diverse MPEC and SLEC fates. These in vivo MPECs and SLECs expressed equivalent levels of cytotoxic molecules and effector cytokines. Using a unique in vivodegranulation assay, we found that the MPECs and SLECs similarly encountered infected target cells and elaborated equivalent levels of cytotoxicity in vivo. These data provide direct in vivoevidence that memory-fated ceils pass through a robust effector phase. Additionally, the preferential localization of the MPECs in the lymph nodes, where a lesser degree of cytotoxicity was elaborated, suggests that the MPECs may be protected from excessive stimulation and terminal differentiation by virtue of their differential tissue localization. These data provide novel mechanistic insights into the linear decreasing potential model of memory differentiation.
